崇文门 Chongwenmen

Chongwenmen
Chongwenmen: Yuan, said the door of civilization, commonly known as "Hartmann", "Haidai door." Chongwenmen to left-hand side Weng Cheng Zhenhai Zhenhai iron inside the famous turtle. In addition Chongwenmen customs duty on the harsh business also look outside the door daunting. "Chongwen iron turtle," were all over the ring Kyoto. Take the car wine, liquor is outside the city, then most of the wine is good wine from Zhuozhou in Hebei and other transportation, natural to go into the Beijing Road. Yun-wine-the-art car outside the city's Tiananmen Square left, Chongwenmen to pay taxes. At that time the capital of the Qing Dynasty liquor sign a written "South shochu", meaning to say, I have been on duty, my wine is not piracy, of course, that time has not yet said a ownership, Ha ha.杨柳青年画the late Qing Dynasty, known as a "cross Qiu-Jiang night." Its liquor advertising sign painted on the screen that read "South", "in wine" and other words, this is reflected in the tax for all the good habits. Chongwen previous outside the north-east have an iron turtle, the shape is very simple, it is said to bridge the moat for a child to have a sea view, so people with a sea turtle to Zhenzhu eyes, to protect the safety of Beijing. In addition, the rulers of ancient ideology and the pursuit of harmony in form is about "feng shui" intermediate "Zhengyang" for the left-hand side, "Chongwen" You Shou "Willy" to form a well-known "before the three" Main Street. Beijing Chongwen District, one of the four major urban areas, is by and named after the Chongwenmen. Chongwenmen Yuan Dadu was one of the Shing Mun 11 (at the time the door of civilization), the three South City is one of the most East. Ming Dynasty city of Beijing converted, 11 will be changed to 9; the door of civilization, although the location is not fixed, but changed its name to Chongwenmen. Qing Dynasty, used this name until today. This is a lot left in the middle iron to hear the matter. Yuan Dadu city is rammed into the soil (called the ancient "version of the building"), under the narrow width, and stand tall. Construction began in 1267 (Yuan Yuan for four years), completed in 1276 (13 years Yuan), a full ten years. Because it was rammed into the soil, then had a city to prevent soil erosion rain, with subsequent 1000 (Guanming) proposed WANG Qing-rui, "Pai Wei provision, since under the cherry on." That is used reeds curtain from bottom-up coverage, people like to wear as I am similar, or reed Mino city or town, and the establishment of a civilization outside the overcast field. "Analysis of Jin Chi" set: every year, "Wei close to the city Minowa," up to "millions" (Tam) as much. Chongwen District today with the headline grass plant 10 to the south, north, central Lucaogou Park (formerly Reed Park), and other names, all of the Yuan Dynasty and Wei received the relevant field. Later, due to the occurrence of the Yuan Dynasty throne battle, Cheng I am afraid that the other side with the fire siege, the curtain is dropping the reed. Yuan Dadu why open the door 11, South Second, North Third, the three things? Is not recorded in the history. Yuanmomingchu wrote "The farmland more than words" (author unknown), "Liu Yan City Department of Taibao Customization, a 11, making the city a man of bionic strength Ne Zha two-legged" shape. Zhang Yu also later wrote: "Most of the around 11, thatch grass land to build the city Ne Zha." Like this, 11 is the legendary symbol of the image of the Ne Zha. Three cities as "3", North City 2 "feet", the three things is the "six arms." "Chuang Chuang 11, is charged as Yunyan" (Yin-ching is a "golden-Taiwan"), we can see are very busy. As most of the design for 11 of the Shing Mun, "Liu Tai-Bao" is Liu Bingzhong. He had been a monk, Fahaozaicong, officials renamed after Liu Bingzhong. Yuan is the supreme ruler of Buddhism. Liu Haiyun called by the monks, have not yet met to ascend the throne of Kublai Khan. Liu followed Khan to fight in Yunnan, cutting the Southern Song Dynasty, the popular attention to Khan. Khan took the throne after the closure to Liu Tai-Bao, to participate in state affairs. Although Liu Bingzhong Buddhists, but careful study of Taoist doctrines, the "Book of Changes" of tai chi, Liang Yi, four images, gossip, Shao Yong Song Dynasty, "by the World Bank" in the "innate number as the" delight in talking about. Large capital construction, particularly in the planning and design, he is one of the principal person in charge. Therefore, in order to cater to his supreme ruler of the Yuan Dynasty "long prosperity of the" arrogant, blind faith in psychology, in order to play their own theories, their own aspirations, from the design of the number of Shing Mun, to spread unfounded, "Shinto-based education", Is entirely possible. Liu's death buried in the Marco Polo Bridge. Yuan door of civilization, also known as hada door at the time. "Old news the next test," cited Xi Zhi Jin, "said:" hada large door in the Palace, the name of. "Hada why Mr. King, can not test. "Hada" homophonic circulating around town as a "big Kazakhstan" and "Hard" until the liberation Hartmann also license cigarettes. In the Yuan Dynasty, hada door to call this, over the door of civilization. Writing in a number of intellectuals, "hada", "big Kazakhstan" elegant enough, on the one hand, the use of its homonym, on the one hand, the use of the door of civilization in the south eastern end of the geographical location, language, "Haidai door." Chiang Ming-Kwai who wrote, "Chang-off," said: "Tai Shan, to do throughout the east Bohai Sea Ju Dou, when the yuan to 'Haidai' doors of the check." Sea, that is, in the Bohai Sea, East China Sea; Dai, that is, Zong, that is, Zong Mount Tai. Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu, "Wang Yue," there "were injured husband, Lu Qing unfinished," the poem. The two places in the East, the more justified explanations. To the Qianlong of the Qing, Yang Qing from the book "the situation in Western Beijing," added: (Chongwenmen) "You Yue Haidai, corner Hill made the sea route are Ossetia tribute, the Secretary for Tax Division in behavior." This is just from the people of the Ming Shi Xuan "Heritage of the old Beijing", "9 capital, there are taxation, and the EC in a Chongwen Division" comes from. As the text Shung-door has a total taxable Secretary, had "Haidai" as "Shan Hai Yiu corner," This is a very far-fetched. However, regardless of the "Haidai" word of explanation, the Ming and Qing literati, and even the supreme ruler of all often do not have to "civilized" and "Chongwen, and" Haidai. "Qing Ming Ming as" Gordon House, Chongwen, "poem : "Droit de seigneur city for the first net and Egypt struggle, hope Haidai clear eyes open, half-empty when seated Ziqi, Qiusheng miles this stage. "Haidai on the door, better weather, the East Ziqi, eyes open thousands of miles, how magnificent! Of the Qing Dynasty," White Yokado recorded poetry ":" Bringing the Haidai door, prostitution who suffer low. "Own" are low "as a foil, extolling the sea injuries rise of the door. Yuan from the so-ching to the famous Da Guan continued living in the vicinity of Chongwenmen." Chen Yuan know a little "set: Yuan Yu Shi Wang Yan in the door of civilization Xu, outside the South East, have built villas, "to build a garden, from a Didi", a more "SMTH Pavilion", is particularly outstanding. At that time, many people have in mind Ren says: Citing boarded the "Bringing the North inner gates? (Shing) Five cloud disappeared Margaret; Seomang henashi poop (Tonghui He refers to the ship), in general Yanbo vast, varied between the tree goes. "Civilization can be seen at the time the doors near the grand occasion.'s Death was over thanks to the" text ", the Yongzheng Scholars , East Pavilion taxi University of Prince Edward Liu Tongxun Taibao (in the Qing Dynasty over the law, "the text is" the most difficult, at least), the Yongzheng imperial poetry thanks to his "high-Haidai family status," Liu said, is meant to live in Haidai The door a noble family. "Cao water recorded time" in mind and a well-known calligrapher Zhao (a word days) also live in front of Chongwen, "show deep Yuhong, Phoebe Hall," is extremely important. However, during the Qing Dynasty's Chongwen The door has not Nancheng of Yuan Dadu city and capital of the southern tip of the early Ming Dynasty, but became more lively in the city. After that is the case: the original oak-Ming Zhu Yan Feng in Beijing, won in his nephew Wen Jian's throne, the year Wing-lok, decided to move the capital from Nanjing, Beijing. So from 1406 (four years, Wing-lok) in the Yuan Dadu city on the basis of the reconstruction of Beijing. 1420 (Wing-lok 18) completed. After the renovation of Beijing, the first to the Nancheng Yuan Dadu city, 0.8 kilometers to the south. Most of the original south of the city was about Tiananmen Square today in the northern section, moved south into what it is today. At the same time, the North removed the city from east to west and the city also demolished part of the North for the construction of a city. The Andingmen Jimen Qiao and outside the vicinity of the ruins of Yuan Dadu Tucheng. Second, to be re-brick Tucheng City. Yuan Dadu put on the Tucheng although "I am similar," but can not resist the final curtain Wei rain, so in the generation of the Yuan Dynasty, part of the "city of collapse" of things often happen only in the era of Kublai Khan's Yuan to 20 years 30 Years, "the city collapse," eight times. Every time repairs, Xingshidongzhong, and waste money, not cost goods. Ming Dynasty bricks into the city are also slightly trapezoidal, under the wide and narrow, brick per line per line and between the bricks, up slightly recessed for the benefit of low-down rain. Third, the Yuan Dadu to be changed to 11 9, Nancheng three doors as usual, only to change the name of the Shing Mun, such as the door of civilization Chongwenmen changed until today. By the year 1552 (Sanshiyinian Ming Jiajing), in order to prevent the invasion of northern ethnic minorities, in the whole scheme outside Beijing, and then a building outside the city, resulting in difficulties in the financial and material resources, the only foreign Nancheng Tsukiji into a strip of the East and West Wall, that is today's Guangqu Men from the East, West Quang Ninh to the door outside the city, also called the city. As a result, the old city of Beijing south of the Chongwenmen, has become the inner city. Street shops, other residents, were out of the gate of the official business, on the rise. Customs of the Qing Dynasty who, in the next follow-on urban construction. In order to transfer it over in Beijing were officials of the revenue, "9 capital, there are taxation, and the EC in a Chongwen Secretary" (see Ming Shi Xuan "old Beijing Heritage"). In the beginning, "the Department Tariff family" provides that the baggage is not out of the tax, "however, foreign officials are often taxable items, such as the renewal of silk cloth, and so on." As a result, "the private money that the levy of tax-free capital" and even "no sign of having goods also." Customs officials "and go on patrol, as a means of tax evasion, double punishment" (see above are "dual-day Zhi Wen"). Chen Qing Dynasty game, "Lang Ji Wen Qian," set: "Wu Jiang, Shandong Buzheng Shi Lu Zhongcheng to see Majesty, the customs officials (Chongwenmen refers to the Inland Revenue Department) claim over the extravagance, the public can not and is home to clothing, carrying a servant Before the line, said: 'You Shen my ears, what taxes!' To both, by old friends from the mattress quilt, and also finish things off of. "Taxation, many procedures, cross-examined in every possible way, the delay time. General small traders also have to queue up and wait. Tianchangrijiu, small traders find out a solution; goods according to their number, the tax inserted Mao Yan, reached the crossing, customs officials removed money immediately released. Richard Li Qing Dynasty people had a poem: "9 levy a special class, the horse track dust each successive car. So in self Tam spent tax, Zhao Zhao double the money made off intercalation temples." This is money that customs officials to the private . Tax revenue Chongwenmen many, in order to prevent the envy of other officials to "offer fresh" in the name of each year in March. To the emperor and to send Secretary of State croaker, winter bamboo shoots and whitebait October delivery has become a disguised form of dividing up the gains. At that time, also provides that the city not to open the "burning pot", where foreign liquor by the official designated by the sale of wine merchants, the evil spirit in the text of the door of the 18 designated by the unity of their land for sale, unified tax, commonly known as "18 hotels." Wine is a heavy duty, breweries small workshop in general, to make a living, often at night with a chest full of wine pig urine neck, secretly climb over the wall in order to avoid high taxes. This is the "back alcohol". Back alcohol is a very difficult and dangerous. They close to the back wall with both hands and both feet firmly and Dengzhe Pazhe per line Chengzhuan micro-protruding, up bit by bit, "climb" to the city's health department and then go on to the rope. The feudal rulers of serious exploitation, forced people to seek out Jiusiyisheng. At that time, so the text of the Inland Revenue Department said Miranda was "gate of hell. Since the end of Ming Dynasty, Chongwen outside is more lively, large and small traders, busy. Ying moat has a clear head, a shelf River bridge, a middle reaches of the river floating restaurant, a kind of cross-strait trees and plants. Lvliu the wind, on the invitation of red, very beautiful. Ming Dong Xuan "Summer out the door of civilization," Poetry: "civilization outside the city Yin Yin Liu, Huang Peng sent a hundred Bird sound good. Yugou off line (moat) Looking back, five-Yun Shen Phoenix pavilion." Bridge near For the city of flowers, "Every month there are four cities, farmers and daily-use device for more. His four Alley North, are required to decorate Boudoir, Cui Yu-ming pendant, fake flowers meaning of a bun, many in the market between" (See, "Zhi-day even smell"). Moat along the east Pacific for the palace, the palace known as peach, in March each year, "the rule of man from a discretionary call, the flying horse bit bridle, and this visit" and "Grass people to sleep", "Arrow sprinkling (pot for the game), Luk Yeung Sun Slope "(see the early Qing Dynasty who PAN Rong Majesty" at the age of Teikyo Ji Sheng "). David hook one end of the Qing dynasty also said that "the city of peace Gongmiao height", "near to river channel for irrigation, no city Guo, Chun-bo diarrhea green, soft red soil shop, Chan King-century drama, music into the embankment, clothing figure Xiang, Yang shake Spring, where the Three Mile Xu. " In winter, is a moat on the scene: "The winter cold, wooden bed to the next set of steel, one person cited in the former rope, sitting three or four people, the swift ice, the fine-sounding name-bed trailer. Canyun snow , The King even more picturesque. Rub an ice slide, both written by Li's iron teeth, the popular ice, such as Chi-sing switch, the first to win the title, skating fine-sounding name. All the people in the moat, the group rubbed smooth, Means of transport between the two places also dragged bed. Even connect a trailer bed, and governance discretion to look at Chen, Huan Yin singing, two or three traction, swift and convenient. Ji car than to sit and say more than "(see "When Teikyo-year-old Ji Sheng"). Later, the increasing blockage of water moat, the Qing government and warlords was not double-jun, scenic spots in the past, gone. Chongwenmen peach palace to traffic, will be replaced by donkey; donkey know, go into chaos, people do not have to lead to their own destination donkey will be pedestrian access to no error. This is the case, until the eve of liberation. Today, Chongwenmen wall has been dismantled, replaced by a moat of water flow underground drain. Wall along the wall of the site, on the ground wide clean asphalt-paved road, traveling pedestrians, day and night, is always flooded; on both sides of the road, stands tall, Tsui Xiulian screen is home to 10,000 people in. There are built around the city underground railway, extending in all directions, and Feng Chi switch, the daily throughput of hundreds of thousands of people. Here with 700 when compared to the pre-Yuan Dadu, which is a huge difference.

崇文门
　　崇文门：元称文明门，俗称“哈德门“,“海岱门“。崇文门以瓮 城左首镇海寺内镇海铁龟著名。此外崇文门税关之苛也使外埠客 商望门生畏。“崇文铁龟”名遍响京都。走酒车，城外是酒道，当年的美酒佳酿大多是从河北涿州等地运来，进北京自然要走南路。运酒的车先进了外城的左安门，再到崇文门上税。清朝那时候京城卖酒的招牌得写“南路烧酒”，意思就是说，我上过税了，我的酒不是盗版，当然，那时候还没有产权一说呢，呵呵。清末的杨柳青年画，有一幅叫做《秋江晚渡》。它的画面上画着酒幌，上面写着“南路”、“于酒”等字样，反映的就是这种全民纳税的良好风尚。以前的崇文门外，东北方向有一只铁龟，造型很是古朴，据说这一段儿护城河的桥下有一个海眼，于是人们就用一只乌龟来镇住海眼，保护北京城的平安。另外古代的统治者在思想和形式上都追求和谐统一讲究“风水”中间为“正阳”左首为“崇文”右首为“宣武”形成有名的“前三门”大街。
　　北京四大城区之一的崇文区，无疑是由崇文门而得名的。崇文门原为元大都的十一个城门之一（当时名文明门），是南城三个门最东的一个。明朝改建北京城，将十一门改为九门；文明门的位置虽然未动，但改名为崇文门。清朝沿用此名，直到今天。这中间有许多遗闻铁事。
　　元大都城是用土夯成的(上古叫做"版筑")，下宽上窄，巍然屹立。开始建筑于1267年(元至元四年)，完成于1276年(至元十三年)，整整十个年头。因为是用土夯成的，于是产生了如何防止雨水冲刷城土的问题，后来用千户(官名)王庆瑞建议，"以苇排编，自下彻上"。就是用苇帘子自下往上覆盖，像人穿蓑衣一样，简称苇城或蓑城，并在文明门外设立了阴场。《析津志》载：每年都要"收苇以蓑城"，达"百万"(担)之多。今天崇文区内的草厂头条到十条，南、北、中芦草园(原名芦苇园)等地名，都与元朝的收苇场有关。后来由于元朝发生皇位之争，守城一方恐怕对方用火攻城，乃撤去苇帘。
　　元大都为什么开十一个门，南三北二，东西各三?正史上无记载。元末明初写成的《农田余话》(著者不详)说，"燕城系刘太保定制，凡十一门，作哪吒城三头六臂两足"的形状。稍后的张昱也写道："大都周遭十一门，草苫土筑哪吒城。"似此，十一门是采用传说中哪吒形象的象征了。进城三门是"三头"，北城二门是"双足"，东西各三门是"六臂"。"幢幢十一门，车马如云烟"(清乃贤著《金台集》)，可见大都是非常热闹的。至于把大都设计为十一个城门的"刘太保"就是刘秉忠。他当过和尚，法号子聪，做官后改名刘秉忠。元朝最高统治者是信佛教的。刘由一个叫海云的和尚介绍，见到了还未继承皇位的忽必烈。刘跟着忽必烈打云南，伐南宋，很受忽必烈重视。忽必烈夺得皇位后，封刘为太保，参与国家大事。刘秉忠虽是佛教徒，但精心研究道家的学说，对于《易经》的太极、两仪、四象、八卦，宋代邵雍《经世书》中的"先天象数"都津津乐道。建筑大都城时，尤其在规划设计方面，他是主要负责人之一。所以，他为迎合元朝最高统治者"国运绵长"的狂妄、迷信心理，为发挥自己的理论，施展自己的抱负，从城门数目的设计上，来宣扬毫无根据的"神道设教"，也是完全有可能的。刘死后葬在卢沟桥。
　　元朝的文明门，在当时又叫哈达门。《日下旧闻考》引晰津志》说："哈达大王府在门内，因名之。"哈达大王为何许人，已不可考。"哈达"又讹传谐音为"哈大"、"哈德"，直到解放前还有哈德门牌香烟。在元朝，哈达门这种称呼，已超过了文明门。一些知识分子在写作时，认为"哈达"、"哈大"不够文雅，一方面利用它的谐音，一方面利用文明门在南城东端的地理位置，写成"海岱门"。明朝人蒋一葵写的《长安客话》说："泰山、渤海俱都城东尽境，元时以'海岱'名门取此。"海，即渤海、东海；岱，即岱宗，岱宗即泰山。唐大诗人杜甫《望岳》就有"伤宗夫如何，齐鲁青未了"的诗句。这两个地方都在东方，解释的较有道理。到了清乾隆时，杨从清著的《北京形势大略》又说：(崇文门)"又曰海岱，言山陬海皆梯航纳贡，税课司在焉。"这只是从明朝人史玄《旧京遗事》上"京师九门，皆有课税，而统于崇文一司"一语而来。由于祟文门有个总课税司，就把"海岱"解释为"山陬海耀"，这是极为牵强的。但不管对"海岱"二字的解释如何，明清的文人雅士，甚至最高统治者都往往不用"文明"、"崇文、而用"海岱"。如明人卓明卿《登崇文楼》诗："城头初夜净氛埃，海岱分明望眼开，紫气半空时入座，秋声万里此登台。"登上海岱门，秋高气爽，紫气东来，眼开万里，何等雄壮！清人著的《白华堂诗录》："海岱瞻门高，风尘苦身贱。"以自己的"身贱"衬托、歌颂海伤门的高耸。因而从元到清不断有达官名士，居住在崇文门一带。如《宸垣识略》载：元朝御史王俨在文明门外东南里许，筑有别墅，"园地构筑，甲诸邸第"，更有一座"水木清华亭"，尤为出众。当时人许有壬记云：登上此亭"北瞻闉?(城门)，五云杳霭；西望舳舻(指通惠河上船只)，泛泛于烟波浩渺、云树参差之间"。可见当时文明门附近的盛况。死后被赐溢为"文正"的雍正进士、东阁大学士加太子太保的刘统勋(按清朝的溢法，"文正"最难、最少)，雍正赐他御制诗是"海岱高门第"，意思说刘是住在海岱门的一户高贵人家。《水曹清暇录》又记有名书法家张照(字得天)也住在崇文门外，"展宇宏深，有楠木厅"，极为讲究。不过，清朝时代的崇文门，已不是元大都的南城城址和明朝初期的都城最南端，而是变成较为热闹的内城了。
　　经过是这样的：明燕王朱橡原来封在北京，在夺取了他的侄儿建文帝的皇位以后，年号永乐，决定把首都由南京迁到北京。于是从1406年(永乐四年)在元大都城的基础上，改建北京城。1420年(永乐十八年)建成。改建后的北京城，第一，把元大都的南城城址，向南移了0．8公里。原来大都南城城址，约在今天天安门广场北段，南移后成为现在的样子。同时把北城拆去，东西城也拆了一部分，另建了北城。现在的安定门外和蓟门桥附近，还有元大都土城的遗迹。第二，把土城改为砖城。元大都的土城虽然披上"蓑衣"，但苇帘子终不能抵挡雨水，所以在元朝一代，部分"城崩"的事经常发生，只在忽必烈时代的至元二十年到三十年之内，就"城崩"八次。每次修理，兴师动众，劳民伤财，所费不货。明朝改建的砖城也略呈梯形，下宽上窄，每行砖与每行砖之间，往上稍有凹进，以利雨水下流。第三，把元大都的十一门改为九门，南城三个门照旧，只把城门的名称改了，如文明门改为崇文门，直到今天。
　　到了公元1552年(明嘉靖三十一年)，为了防止北方少数民族的入侵，计划在整个北京城外，再建筑一道外城，结果困于财力物力，只在南城外筑成一条东西狭长的城墙，就是今天的东起广渠门、西到广宁门的外城，又叫罗城。这样一来，昔日北京城最南面的崇文门，就成为内城。街道店铺，住户人家，出人此门的官吏商人，日益增多。
　　清朝人关以后，在城建上沿袭明制。它为了调剂在京满人官吏的收入，"京师九门，皆有课税，而统于崇文一司"(见明史玄《旧京遗事》)。起初在《户部税则》中规定，行李不在纳税之列，"然而外吏人都，往往有应纳税之物，如续绸缎布等"。于是"征私钱以为免税之资"，甚至"虽无货亦征之矣"。关吏"又四出巡逻，得之指为漏税，加倍罚之"(以上均见《天咫偶闻》)。清朝陈康棋《郎潜纪闻》载："吴江陆中丞以山东布政使陛见，关吏(指崇文门税局)所索过奢，公实不能与，乃置衣被于外，携一仆前行，曰：'我有身耳，何税为!'既入，从故人借衾褥，事竣还之而去。"课税时，手续繁多，盘问备至，延误时日。一般小商贩，也须排队等候。天长日久，小商贩想出一个办法；根据自己货物多少，把税款插在帽沿上，走到关口，关吏取下银钱，立即放行。清人查嗣瑮曾有一首诗说："九门征课一门专，马迹车尘互接连。内使自取花担税，朝朝插鬓掠双钱。"这钱即归关吏私有。崇文门税局收入甚多，为了防止其他官吏忌妒，以"献鲜"为名，每年三月。向皇帝及大臣送黄花鱼，十月送冬笋和银鱼，成为变相的分赃。当时又规定城内不许开"烧锅"，凡外来酒类皆由官方指定的酒商出售，在祟文门指定了十八家，由它们统一收售，统一纳税，俗称"十八家酒店"。酒税是很重的，一般酿酒小作坊，为了维持生计，往往在夜间胸前挂着装满酒的猪尿脖，偷偷爬过城墙，以避交高税。这就是"背私酒"的。背私酒是非常辛苦和危险的。他们用脊背贴着城墙，用双脚和双手紧紧蹬着和扒着每行城砖微凸出的地方，一点一点往上"爬"，到了城上再用绳子把身体系下去。封建统治者的严重剥削，逼得人民九死一生地去谋取生路。所以当时称祟文税局是"鬼门关。
　　明末以来，崇文门外是比较热闹的，大小商贩，车水马龙。护城河水清滢，河上架有桥梁，河中游有画舫，两岸种着树木花草。绿柳迎风，红花邀月，秀丽非常。明人董喧有《夏日出文明门》诗："文明城外柳荫荫，百啭黄鹏送好音。行过御沟(护城河)回望处，凤凰楼阁五云深。"过桥不远为花儿市，"每月逢四日有市，日用及农器为多。其北四条胡同，则皆闺阁装饰所需，翠羽明珰，假花义髻之属，累累肆间"(见《天咫偶闻》)。沿护城河往东，为太平宫，俗称蟠桃宫，每年三月，"都人治酌呼从，联镳飞鞚，游览于此"，"人眠芳草地"，"箭洒(投壶游戏)绿杨坡"(见清初人潘荣陛《帝京岁时纪胜》)。清末人震钩也说"太平宫庙市最盛"，"地近河埂，了无市聒，春波泻绿，软土铺红，百戏竞陈，大堤入曲，衣香人影，摇扬春风，凡三里许"。冬天，护城河上又是一番风景："寒冬冰冻，以木作床，下镶钢条，一人在前引绳，可坐三四人，行冰如飞，名曰拖床。积雪残云，景更如画。冰上滑擦者，所著之履皆有铁齿，流行冰上，如星驰电掣，争先夺标取胜，名曰溜冰。都人于各护城河下，群聚滑擦，往还亦以拖床代步。更将拖床连接一处，治酌陈看于上，欢饮高歌，两三人牵引，便捷如飞。较之坐骥乘车，远胜多矣"(见《帝京岁时纪胜》)。后来护城河水日渐淤塞，清政府及民国军阀又不加倍浚，往日胜景，一去不返。崇文门到蟠桃宫的交通，则改为骑驴；驴识道，不乱走，不用人牵，到目的地自有驴将行人接去，绝无差误。这种情况，一直到解放前夕。
　　今天，崇文门城墙已经拆除，护城河水改为暗沟流通。沿着城墙墙址，地面上铺成宽阔清洁的柏油马路，车马行人，昼夜不息；马路两旁，高楼耸立，绣帘翠幕中住着万户人家。地下筑有环城铁路，四通八达，电掣风驰，每天吞吐着几十万人次。这里与七百年前的元大都时相比，那是天壤之别了。

永定门的风光，南城的大门 Yongding Men's scenery, the door Nancheng

Yongding Men

Yongding Men in Beijing, the shapes of the tower as the inner city, Chongyanxieshan three water-tower building, Gray Tongwa cutting edge green glazed tile roof, Miankuo 5, 24 m-wide; into the deep 3, 10.50 meters deep into the pass; Floor Even Taiwan-high 26 meters. Weng Cheng was a square, the two arc-shaped exterior angle for the east-west width 42 meters, 36 meters long from north to south, the urn wall Dingkuan 6 meters. Jian Lou Regulation and the larger gap between the tower, not coordinated; Danyanxieshan Tong Wa-gray roof; Miankuo 3, 12.8 meters wide, deep into a 6.70 m, 8 m high, Taiwan's Lin Shing-high 15.85 meters; South, East and West on three sides to provide the arrow on the second floor window, each seven holes to the south, East and West each hole 3; North Loumen cut-off for the wooden side-door; Jianlou Taiwan under the city center of the first tower of the openings provided a voucher Portal [Edit this paragraph] the history of construction in 1957 have all been removed and reconstruction in 2004. Beijingers know, the old city of Beijing into the inner city, outer city, the original "Nine foreign Seven" A total of 16 Shing Mun. However, since the beginning of the Republic of China to dismantle part of the Shing Mun, in the early liberation in order to improve road traffic and to dismantle most of the Shing Mun, in Beijing city's original 9 Shing Mun, with only a tower Zhengyang Men, Jian Lou, Jian Lou Deshengmen, outside the Beijing city The original 7, yet no one remains. ■ Wing-lok next 18 years into the city of Beijing, the outline of the plane was a square, only 9 Shing Mun Wu Ming-hong first year (1368) two days in August, Ming Zhu Yuanzhang to send a big attack, General Xu Da Yuan Dadu, Yuan Dadu will be renamed the "Peking House." In order to shorten the line of defense to prevent remnants of the back of the Yuan Dynasty, Xu Da ordered most of the south and north of the city wall back 5, in this Deshengmen, Andingmen first-line reconstruction. Wing-lok next year (1403), in Nanjing proclaim oneself emperor Yongle Emperor Zhu Di of the order to do their own manor at the time of Yan in Beijing upgraded to "Beijing." This is the beginning of Beijing got its name. Wing-lok four years, Zhu Di ordered the construction of the Imperial Palace in Beijing, the renovation of the walls, moved the capital to prepare. Wing-lok 17 years, in order to expand the space in front of the palace, the original line of Changan Avenue in the south of the southern wall 2, Zhengyang Men in the first-line reconstruction. 19 Wing-lok (1421) New Year's Day, announced that Zhu Di formal moved the capital to Beijing. The city of Beijing at this time, the outline of the plane was a square, only 9 Shing Mun. City Zhengyang Men from the south axis running through the Imperial Palace, arrived in the North Tower. Strong and powerful country in the early Ming, Emperor Yongle of tribal Mongolia to take the offensive, has Shuaijun five North levy, the issue was not highlighted. Later strength of the decline of the Ming Dynasty, the Mongolian armed forces have been Binglinchengxia to Jiajingnianjian, then officials have suggested that Beijing build the external circle of about 80 weeks apart in the city for safety reasons. Due to lack of funds, Yan Song from the proposed change in the design. Construction of additional works outside the city in 32 years Ming Jiajing (1553), was due to the southern suburbs (outside the Zhengyang Men) relatively prosperous, and the altar of the Royal Temple of Heaven and Xiannong Tan, the first city outside the South line built. But to start soon, as a result of insufficient funds to sustain. It also reflects the rulers and the fatuity of the low-energy, which was not properly at an early stage financing. Helpless, Emperor Jiajing were thinking of ways to Cabinet Shou Fu Yan Song. Yan Song to a stroll around the project site, really come up with a clever but can not deal with the "good ideas", that is, only the south building walls, the other three sides in the future to be rich to say when. South line length of the wall, the original plan of 20 years reduced to 13, the east and west ends of bending to the north, and south-east of the city in the southwest to join the two turret. Jun Jiajing but did not expect the so-called "in the future to talk about" until death can not start tomorrow. ■ Ming Jiajing 43 outside the city of Beijing built the main entrance of the name "Yongding Men", meaning "always stability" Ming Jiajing 43 (1564), Beijing, the city built, with a total length of 28, there is open 7 Shing Mun. As a result of additional outside the city's motive is to strengthen the security of Beijing, the Shing Mun more than a name in pursuit of "stability" and "peace" in color, such as "Tiananmen Square left," "Tiananmen Square right", "Quang Ninh door "(Qing dynasty emperor to avoid the taboo of Minning called" Guang'An Men "). Outside the main entrance of the city, "Yongding Men", Ji Yu is "always stability" means. Built outside the city after the Beijing axis Zhengyang Men by the extending to the Yongding Men, the south tower of up to 16 years. As the only city outside the southern part of the building, so since Beijing's outline of the plane on the formation of a "convex" shape. And "City" unworthy of the name, said it was not outside the city, but, in the south of the city, so outside the city of Beijing, also known as "South City." Qing Dynasty adopted such a pattern has not changed, only the Shing Mun and the walls had been repaired many times. Now Beijing's Second Ring Road and South Second Ring Road, is along the "convex" shape of the contour of the building. ■ reconstruction after the Yongding Men, which is modeled after the Ming Dynasty Shibian Shibian as carving system In 1644, the Qing capital Beijing, Beijing will have on the Shing Mun with the Chinese Ming Dynasty, wrote the board removed in favor of full and Chinese characters written by two horizontal inscribed board. Revolution to overthrow the Qing Dynasty, the chief of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of China in the early Zhu Qiqian please Mr. Shao Zhang Hangzhou, famous for Beijing to re-wrote the name of the Shing Mun Chinese name, and Dan Bian made of mosaic. A book in 1931, "Yan Du Cong test" account, "Today, the doors of places are also Shaojun Book." With the Beijing one after another to remove the Shing Mun, Mr. Shao Zhang wrote most of the board without loss of deposit, are only Yang Jian Lou's door openings are still embedded at the top of a piece. Shing Ming Dynasty and the original board, as it is rare, rare. In 2003, the Xiannong Tan in Beijing Ancient Building Museum in front of a tree Cooper, found in the Ming Dynasty original Yongding Men's Dan Bian. The matter on August 22, 2003's "Beijing Youth Daily" reported there. This Danbian, 2 meters long, 0.78 meters high, 0.28 meters thick, regular script "Yongding Men," Chen Xiong words vigorous, well-preserved, is 32 years Ming Jiajing (1553) was established at the time of the original Yongding Men. Now Yongding Men's reconstruction, the openings at the top of the inlay Danbian "Yongding Men," the words that follow this piece of sculpture Danbian. ■ Yongding Men's reconstruction after the old regained Chengzhuan Taishan three dangerous goods warehouse built in 1954. Upon completion, just in time to remove Yongding Men, on Chengzhuan used to repair the wall of the warehouse. These manufacturers Jiajingnianjian old Chengzhuan in nearly half a century later transported back to re-build the wall on the Yongding Men
永定门
　　永定门位于北京，城楼形制一如内城，重檐歇山三滴水楼阁式建筑，灰筒瓦绿琉璃瓦剪边顶，面阔五间，通宽24米；进深三间，通进深10.50米；楼连台通高26米。瓮城呈方形，两外角为圆弧形，东西宽42米，南北长36米，瓮城墙顶宽6米。箭楼规制与城楼差距较大，不甚协调；单檐歇山式灰筒瓦顶；面阔三间，宽12.8米，进深一间6.70米，高8米，连城台通高15.85米；南、东、西三面各辟箭窗二层，南面每层七孔，东西每层3孔；北铡楼门为过木式方门；箭楼下城台正中对首城楼门洞辟一券洞门
[编辑本段]修建历史　　1957年被全部拆除，2004年重建。北京人都知道，老北京城分为内城、外城，原有“内九外七”共16座城门。但是自从民国时期开始拆除部分城门、解放初期为了改善道路交通又拆除大部分城门以来，北京内城原有的9座城门，只余正阳门城楼、箭楼、德胜门箭楼，北京外城原有的7座城门，则无一遗存。
　　■明永乐十八年建成的北京城，平面轮廓呈正方形，只有9座城门
　　明洪武元年（1368年）八月初二，明太祖朱元璋派遣的大将军徐达攻占元大都，将元大都改称为“北平府”。为了缩短防线，以防元朝残余势力反扑，徐达下令将大都北面的城墙向南退后5里，在今德胜门、安定门一线重建。
　　明永乐元年（1403年），在南京称帝的永乐皇帝朱棣下令将自己做燕王时的封地北平升格为“北京”。此为北京得名之始。永乐四年，朱棣下令在北京兴建皇宫，整修城墙，预备迁都。永乐十七年，为扩展皇宫前方的空间，将原在长安街一线的南面城墙南移2里，在正阳门一线重建。
　　永乐十九年（1421年）元旦，朱棣宣布正式迁都至北京。这时的北京城，平面轮廓呈正方形，只有9座城门。城市中轴线南起正阳门，贯穿皇宫，北抵钟楼。
　　明初国势强盛，永乐皇帝对蒙古部族采取攻势，曾五次率军北征，问题尚不凸显。后来明朝实力衰落，多次被蒙古军队兵临城下，至嘉靖年间，遂有官员建议在北京城外围增建一圈周长约80里的外城，以策安全。因资金不足，由严嵩建议改变了设计方案。
　　增建外城工程于明嘉靖三十二年（1553年）开始，由于当时南郊（正阳门外）比较繁华，又有皇家祭坛天坛和先农坛，所以外城先由南线筑起。但是开工不久，就因资金不足，难以为继。这也反映出统治者的昏庸和低能，以致未能及早妥为筹措。无奈之中，嘉靖皇帝派内阁首辅严嵩去想办法。
　　严嵩去工程现场溜达了一圈，还真想出一条虽不高明但可以对付的“妙计”，即只筑南线城墙，其他三面待日后有钱时再说。南线城墙长度，也由原计划的20里缩减为13里，其东、西两端，向北弯折，与内城的东南、西南两座角楼会合。但是嘉靖君臣没有料到，所谓“日后再说”，直至明亡再也未被说起。
　　■明嘉靖四十三年北京外城建成，正门命名为“永定门”，寓意“永远安定”
　　明嘉靖四十三年（1564年），北京外城建成，总长28里，开有7座城门。因增建外城的动因，是为了加强北京的安全，所以城门命名多带有追求“安定”、“安宁”的色彩，如“左安门”、“右安门”、“广宁门”（清代为避道光皇帝旻宁名讳改称“广安门”）。外城正门“永定门”，就是寄寓“永远安定”之意。
　　外城建成之后，北京城的中轴线由正阳门延伸至永定门，北距钟楼长达16里。
　　由于外城只建了南面部分，所以此后的北京城平面轮廓就形成了“凸”字形。而且“外城”之称名不副实，它并不在内城的外面，而是在内城的南面，所以北京的外城又称“南城”。清代沿用此种格局未变，只是对城门和城墙进行过多次修葺。现在北京市的二环路和南二环路，就是沿这个“凸”字形的轮廓线修建的。
　　■复建后的永定门，其石匾是仿照明代石匾原样雕制的
　　1644年，满清建都北京之后，曾将北京各城门上用汉文题写的明代匾额撤下，改用满、汉两种文字题写的匾额。辛亥革命推翻清朝之后，民国初期的内务部总长朱启钤请杭州名士邵章先生为北京各城门重新题写了汉文名称，并制成石匾镶嵌。成书于1931年的《燕都丛考》记述，“今日各门之额，皆邵君之书也。”随着北京城门的陆续拆除，邵章先生题写的匾额大多失落无存，只有正阳门箭楼的门洞上方仍嵌有一块。而明代城门的匾额原件，更是如凤毛麟角，难得一见。
　　2003年，在先农坛北京古代建筑博物馆门口的一株古柏树下，发现了明代原配的永定门石匾。此事2003年8月22日的《北京青年报》曾有报道。这块石匾，长2米，高0.78米，厚0.28米，楷书的“永定门”三字沉雄苍劲，保存完好，是明嘉靖三十二年（1553年）始建永定门时的原件。如今复建的永定门，门洞上方所嵌石匾的“永定门”三字，就是仿照这块石匾雕刻的。
　　■复建后的永定门，老城砖失而复得
　　三台山危险品仓库建于一九五四年。建成后正赶上拆除永定门，城砖就拿来修了仓库的围墙。这些嘉靖年间制造的老城砖在近半个世纪后又运回来了，重新砌在永定门的城墙上。（摘自《这里是北京》）

National Palace Museum, China's Forbidden City 故宫博物院，中国的紫禁城

拼音：gù gōng
　　英文：The Imperial Palace或the Palace Museum,the Forbidden City
National Palace Museum, that is, in feudal dynasty rule before the end of the dynasty emperor by the work of the palace residence buildings are now more means the Beijing Palace Museum. [Edit this paragraph] About the Imperial Palace in Beijing at the National Palace Museum in Beijing, formerly known as the Forbidden City. Is the Ming and Qing dynasties of the palace, unique masterpiece of ancient architecture, the world's largest, most complete ancient buildings. As the world's five first Palace (the Imperial Palace in Beijing, the Palace of Versailles France, United Kingdom Buckingham Palace, the White House, the Kremlin Russia). Palace plan National Palace Museum was founded in the year 1406,1420 in the basic completion of the Ming Emperor Zhu Di was founded. Palace 961 meters long from north to south and 753 meters wide east, an area of about 725,000 square meters. Construction area of 155,000 square meters. Legend has it that a total of 9999.5 Palace, in 1973, according to real experts on-site measuring the size of the Palace compound has more than 90 blocks, 980 houses, for a total of 8707 (and this "between" now is not the room of the concept, here, "between" 4 Housing columns formed by space). Miyagi surrounded by 12 meters high, long wall of 3400 meters, in the form of a rectangular city, outside the wall, 52 meters wide moat surrounded by a fortified castle barriers. Forbidden City palace are building wooden structures, yellow glazed tile roof, green Whitehead base, decorated with paintings of the resplendent. Palace 4 doors, the main entrance of the Meridian Gate, Donghua Men of the East Gate, the name Simon West China doors north gate of Shenwu Men. In the face of the north gate Shenwu Men, useful soil, and stone into the Jingshan, the mountain is covered with pine Baicheng Lin. In the overall layout, Jingshan is building the barrier Palace. Construction of the National Palace on the basis of its layout and function is divided into "North" and "Neiting" Most of the two. "North Korea" and "Neiting" in order to stem the door for community-ching, ching stem outside the door for North Korea to the south, north to Neiting. North Korea outside the National Palace, the building Neiting very different atmosphere. North Korea and the outside Ethernet, and in Bulgaria and the three main hall as the center is the emperor will be held in North Korea, also known as "the former administration." Is a feudal power Emperor, the grand ceremony was held. In addition there are two wings of East Wenhua Dian, Wen Yuan Ge, Si hospital on the South 3; West Wu Yingdian there, and so on Neiwu Fu construction. Neiting to Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall cross, after three Kunning Gong Temple as the center, Yang Xindian for the two wings, East and West Liu Gong, Temple Chai, Yuqing Gong, after the Imperial Garden. Is a feudal emperor and Empress of the residence. Neiting Ningshou Gong was the eastern part of the Qianlong emperor to step down after the construction and endowment. Ci Ninggong Neiting West, Shou-an Temple. In addition, Chung Wa Palace, North 5, and other construction. [Edit this paragraph] the history of the National Palace Museum was founded in the year 1406 (2004 Wing-lok), 1420 (18 years, Wing-lok) completion of the basic and will last for 14 years, is the Ming Chengzu Zhu Di built in the Yuan Dadu on the basis of the construction of the palace . Kuai Designers presided over the beginning of the Ming Cheung (1397-1481, the word Ting-jui, Suzhou). After the completion of the National Palace Museum, went through the Ming and Qing dynasties of the two, to the demise of the Qing emperor in 1911, about 500 years, after the Ming and Qing dynasties and 24 emperors of the two. Is the core of the Ming and Qing dynasties ruled synonymous with the highest. Ming and Qing court 500 years of history, including the Empress, hierarchy, power struggles, religious worship, and so on. At that time, ordinary people even approached the wall near the Forbidden City where crime can be called. Since the Ming and Qing court feudal system is a high degree of complete domination of the top center, an unusual event, often around the imperial power transmission and carried out safety. Such as the restoration of the emperor of the Ming Dynasty orthodox Duo Men's changed, Emperor Jiajing was the lady-in-waiting Mouci Renyin change Palace, 43 Wanli club hit too womb "which hit club," Taichang Emperor died as a result of service Dan Wan "Red Pill case, "Taichang around Dili after the dead emperor of the new board of a" shift Palace "storm. Secretary of State for the Kings in the early Qing Dynasty imperial power established by the three officials of the temple dispute, the late Qing Dynasty Empress Dowager Cixi yau coup to seek power, and so on. Revolution in 1911, the Forbidden City Palace should have been nationalized all, but then, in accordance with the development of the "Qing Shi preferential conditions," Prince's Emperor Pu Yi was allowed to "temporarily Gong Jin", that is, "sleep "Section. In 1924, launched by Feng Yuxiang, "Beijing coup", will be driven out of Pu Yi Gong Jin, at the same time to set up a "follow-up committee Qing Shi", took over the National Palace. In October 10, 1925 announced the formal establishment of the National Palace Museum, opening to the outside world. After the Forbidden City in 1925 was known as the "Forbidden City." With the decline of the Qing Dynasty, in particular, in 1949 before 38 years, the increasing destruction of the Palace building, there are a number of palaces group collapse, garbage Chengshan. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, 1961, the State Department announced that the National Palace for the first batch of "national key cultural unit." Starting from the 1950s and 1960s for a large-scale repair. National Palace Museum in 1988 by UNESCO as "World Cultural Heritage." Now into the "Palace Museum." [Edit this paragraph] in the form of construction strictly according to the National Palace Museum, "Kao Gong Ji Zhou", "shortly after the former administration, the left-right Social ancestors," the Royal Park building construction principles. National Palace Museum as a whole, the layout of the building, with physical changes in the way of ups and downs, into a whole. In the feudal society in line with the functions of the hierarchy. At the same time, about to reach a balanced and physical changes in the artistic effect. China forms the roof of the building is a colorful, the National Palace in the building, there are different forms of the roof for more than 10. 3 hall, for example, varied roof. Forbidden City shop building roof over pieces of colored glazed tile. The main hall in order to block the main yellow. Prince for green residential construction. Other blue, violet, black, malachite green, and Chui, Sapphire, and other colored glass colorful, multi-use glass or in the garden wall. Zheng Ji roof of the Hall of Supreme Harmony among the glass at both ends of each animal kiss, a strong and stable living swallow large ridge. Kiss the beautiful animal model, is also a member ornaments. Part of a dragon and phoenix shaped pieces of tile, the lion, the hippocampus, and other three-dimensional image of the animal, symbolizing good luck and dignity, these components in the construction played a role in decoration. Palace front of the palace, at the time of construction design requirements magnificent, clear the open courtyard, a symbol of the supremacy of the feudal regime, the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City is located at the center of the diagonal, four each on 10 animal Jixiang Rui, a vivid image of life. The National Palace Museum to display the designer so that the emperor's authority to deter the world. Neiting asked at the rear of profound courtyards, compact construction, so things are Liugong self-contained, each with its own Gongmen wall, arranged in a relatively orderly, in conjunction lanterns With further right, Xiuta a few beds, luxury is reflected in adaptation Needs of the layout. Neiting followed after the Court Palace. After the Court have not carved Suihan Calocedrus the pines, show again and again block the exquisite stone rockery, floor, Pavilion, Pavilion, which shade pavilion, beautiful and tranquil. Forbidden City Palace along a north-south axis in order, the three main hall, after the three Palace, the Imperial Garden is located in the central axis. On both sides to start taking the North-South straight, symmetrical. The axis running through not only in the Forbidden City, and South Yongding Men in the north to the Drum Tower, the Clock Tower, runs through the city, the great boldness of vision, thorough planning, very spectacular. Forbidden City is hundreds of years ago the working people of the crystallization of the intelligence and effort. Slavery was built in the early hours of a craftsman hundreds of thousands of workers, millions of service-fu. At that time, in social production conditions, to the construction of this magnificent tall buildings, fully reflects the ancient Chinese working people of high intelligence and be able to create. At the same time, in order to build the National Palace, as required for the timber, in the Ming Dynasty, mostly collected from Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places, many people were forced to labor in the mountains in the primeval forest, the cutting of timber transportation. The use of stone taken from more than Beijing and away from the outer suburbs on the outskirts of Beijing in two to three hundred of the mountain. Each weighing several tons of stone are a few dozen or even several hundred tons, such as security and now bring up the rear of the canopy level, there is a piece of stone carving Yunlong, weighing about 250 tons. Architectural experts say that the design and construction of the National Palace Museum is a unique masterpiece, and its layout, three-dimensional effect, as well as the formal grand, grand, solemn, harmony, building momentum majestic, magnificent luxury, is the ancient Chinese art of architecture The essence. It marks China's long cultural traditions, showing more than 500 years ago, craftsmen in the building on the excellent achievements. Mountain stand in the National Palace point of view, can not see a window in order to find a way to prevent the assassin. There are two large front of the iron cylinder, is the fire, which filled with water. [Edit this paragraph] 4 Forbidden City Palace Museum has four doors, known as the main entrance of the Meridian Gate. His plane for the concave, magnificent. Meridian Gate after five sophisticated white marble arch gate leading to Tai Wo. Donghua Men of the East Gate, the name Simon West China doors north gate of Shenwu Men. Palace of the four cities have the angle of the delicate in Linglong turret, the turret 27.5 meters high, cross-roof, one after another three-Zhong Yan, surrounded by Liang Shan, staggered, c., CMV is the structure of the building. Palace of the main entrance of the "Meridian Gate", commonly known as Wu Fenglou. North East and West on three sides by 12-meter-high city linked to Taiwan, surrounded by a square box. There are a group of construction. There is the middle of Paris, was 9 of the wide hall, Zhong Yan Dianding veranda, in about two out Que wall, built in conjunction eaves of the ridge-four pavilions, linked to the next gallery, each of the two wings of the 13 Hall of housing Reach out to the south, have Siyu tall corner booth, auxiliary wing of the main hall. This forms the entrance tower known as the "Que door," China is the most ancient door in the form of high-level. This group on the city's architecture, majestic and magnificent situation, is the Forbidden City Palace in the first group of peaks. Meridian Gate is the emperor under the edict, ordered off. At the moment, when the emperor took the imperial decree, issued calendar, Wenwubaiguan have gathered at the square in front of the afternoon listening purpose. Among the main entrance of the Meridian Gate in peacetime, only the emperor can access the emperor into a wedding at Queen's, Palace examination champion, Bang Yan, the third overall pick of the three can be from out of the gate first. Minister for civil and military out of the east side of the door, the imperial clan from the west side of the Princes Gate. The back door "Shenwu Men", when the Ming Dynasty "Xuanwu Men," for the ancient basaltic one of the four animal from the position, the left-Dragon, White Tiger right, the former Suzaku, after the basalt, basaltic main north, the imperial palace of Beigong Multi-door named "black soldier." Qing Emperor Kangxi years as a result of taboo called "Shenwu Men." Shenwu Men is a form of Shing House, with the highest levels of Zhong Yan-style veranda roof of the hall, but it's only five-room hall plus Wai Gallery, there is no stretch to move around the wings, so in the shapes of the afternoon than on the door of a low-grade . Shenwu Men is a day-to-day access to the Imperial Household access. Shenwu Men are for the main entrance of the Palace Museum. Donghua Men of the West and China should be relatively remote door, the door has dropped steles, Jinshui He monitor the flow of North and South, a stone shelf, for the three northbound door. Donghua Men of the West and the door to China the same shape, flat rectangular red city of Taiwan, Bai Xu Mizuo, which provided 3 voucher door outside to inside the circle tickets. City has a tower on the stage, the yellow glazed tile veranda Dianding Zhong Yan, Miankuo tower 5, into the deep 3, around the gallery. In the afternoon, with the door, and possessed a large courtyard large, of which arc within the Jinshui He east along the north is North Korea outside the palace gate - Tai door, about North Korea have their own room veranda Gallery. Jinshui He's 5 bridges, white with white marble railings, with the river Wanzhuan, like jade belt. [Edit this paragraph] three Tai hall door, more than 30,000 square meters in the open courtyard, is outside the center of North Korea: The Hall of Supreme Harmony, Hall and Paul Hall and, collectively, the three main hall (the Ming Dynasty, said: Feng Dian , Canopy Hall, who would like to Temple, when Jiajing name: Imperial Palace extremely, extremely Hall, a hall built. Now known as the name of the Qing Dynasty). 3 This is the main hall of the Palace of the main building, the height of their different shapes, different forms of the roof, appears to be rich but not stiff. Hall of Supreme Harmony Hall of Supreme Harmony (Ming Feng said Hall, a Royal Palace), commonly known as "Jin Luandian," Hall of Supreme Harmony 35.05 meters high and 63 meters East and West, North and South 35 meters, with an area of about more than 2380 square meters. Area of the Forbidden City is one of the largest Dian-Zhong Zhu, and also the shapes of the highest specifications, the most magnificent building. Hall of Supreme Harmony is a five-sloping ridge four main hall, from east to west, there is a long ridge, before and after each of the two oblique ridge line down, thus constitute a five-four ridge of the roof slope, building on the term-called Temple veranda. Yan Jiao, 10 animals (dragon, respectively, phoenix, lion, Pegasus, the hippocampus, Ni, charge fish, Xie Zhi, Bull, even line), China's ancient architecture of a special case. From about the 14th century Ming Dynasty, Zhong Yan veranda is the Hall of feudal dynasty palace in the form of the highest level. Hall of Supreme Harmony has a diameter of up to 1 meter large column of 72, 6 of them around the Throne of Lek is the powder Jinqi Beaulieu column. Lek a hall powder Jinqi wooden pillars and a refined caisson Beaulieu, in the middle hall is a symbol of the feudal imperial power - Jinqidiaolong throne hall at the high table of 2 meters, placed an Jinqidiaolong throne, before modeling Throne The beautiful crane, furnace, ding, Diaolong is behind the screen. Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City is the largest wooden structure of the building, the Palace is the most spectacular architecture, is also China's largest wooden structure of the temples. The entire hall decorated magnificent, beautiful solemn. Hall of Supreme Harmony is the emperor held a major ceremony. That is, the emperor ascended the throne, birthday, wedding, and so on New Year's Day celebration here. And Temple And Temple (Temple of the Ming dynasty that canopy, in the very Hall) Palace is one of the three main hall, located in Tai Wo bring up the rear. Hall and 27 meters high, were flat square, Miankuo, into the deep 3, surrounded by a gallery, the Golden shop, 580 sq. m 2. Dan Yan Huang glazed tile 1.40 Cuanjian Ding, ding the middle of a gold. Ridge top into a four-tip-like, on an copper deposit fetal ball of the ding-lau, construction terminology called on 1.40-saving tip. Hall and the emperor is the Hall of Supreme Harmony to be held before the ceremony rest and exercise rituals. In the Hall of Supreme Harmony to the emperor before a stopover here, to accept a cabinet minister and officials of the Li Bu salute, and then into the Hall of Supreme Harmony, held a ceremony. In addition, the emperor worship and the world prior to the Tai Miao, have also reviewed here are oration to write about the "wish Edition"; to Zhongnanhai in his pre-farming, but also here to look at a farming. And Paul Hall Paul and Dian (Hall of the Ming Dynasty who would like to say, to build a Hall) Palace is one of the three main hall, and bring up the rear. Paul Hall and 29 meters high, were flat rectangular, Miankuo 9, 5 deep into the construction area of 1240 ㎡. Chongyanxieshan yellow-glazed tile roof. Zheng Ji middle of a roof, before and after each 2 vertical ridges in the lower part of each ridge and then down the ramp of a bifurcated ridge, together with Zheng Ji, vertical ridges, the ridges were bifurcated 9, construction on the term-called Xieshan. Paul Hall and the annual New Year's Eve Ciyan Outlying Prefectures kings and emperors of the place. Paul Hall and the Imperial Examination is held in Palace. And the Hall of Supreme Harmony and Hall, Paul Hall and all white marble structure built on the 8-meter-high work-shaped stage, the former Tai, and in the middle, and security in the post. Yuan Wang as the myth of Joan Que Sin Temple. Three-base overlap, each edge of the stage are decorated with white marble sculpture of the steeplechase, and hope the lead column, there are three stone steps carved a three-Beaulieu, the convective clouds and waves set off by the "Royal Road" . In a table of 25,000 square meters steeplechase Toudiao 1415, the sculpture Xiang Feng Wang Yunlong column 1460, the 1138 leader. With so many white marble decorations of the three, overlapping shapes and downs, which is the ancient Chinese architecture has a unique style of decorative arts. This decorative feature in the structure, the table is the pipes. Fu in the steeplechase in stone, engraved with a small hole; in sight under the column out of the lead also carve a small hole. Every rainy season, and 3 layers of rain by the small discharge hole, the outflow of water from hydrants, water Qianlong, a magnificent view. This is the science and art design. [Edit this paragraph] Neiting Palace of Heavenly Purity Palace of the latter part of the building called Neiting, Neiting palace door - the door dry-ching, there are about Zhaobi glass, the door is the palace after three. Neiting to Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall cross, Kunning Gong as the center, there are two wings of East and West East and West Liu Gong Liu Gong, the emperor is to deal with day-to-day is also the Chief of the Emperor and Empress to live life. In the latter part of the same architectural style in the first half. Building the first half of the image is a serious and solemn, majestic, magnificent, with the supreme symbol of the emperor. Neiting the latter part of life is full of flavor, mostly from construction into a courtyard, garden, library, museum pavilion, rocks, and so on. Palace of Heavenly Purity in the Forbidden City in the first court. Neiting Palace of Heavenly Purity is the main hall, 20 meters high. Zhong Yan Dianding veranda. Hall of the middle of a throne, there are "above board" important. There are two Snappers. Palace of Heavenly Purity is a feudal emperor's palace. Qing Emperor Kangxi ago to live here and deal with the Chief. After the Qing Emperor Yongzheng Yang Xindian moved, but this is still Zoubao approval, and sent officials summoned Chen Xia. Kunning Gong Kunning Gong in the National Palace Museum "in chambers" last surface. Zhong Yan Dianding veranda. Kunning Gong Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty Emperor Yong Zheng, before the Queen's palace, there are two Snappers. Replaced by the Qing Dynasty ritual places. Yongzheng, West Snappers for the shaman to sacrifice. Snappers for the Middle East, the emperor's wedding bridal chamber, Kangxi, Tongzhi, Guangxu DDD, are to be held in this wedding. Thai Temple in pay and the Palace of Heavenly Purity Kunning Gong, including "Conjoint heaven and earth, good health" was conveyed. On behalf of the Ming and Qing Jiaqing three years (1798 AD) repair, is four blocks to save a pointed, gold-plated ding, dragon and phoenix patterns of a square hall. Ming and Qing, the Hall of the Queen's birthday is held Shouqing activities. Qing Dynasty Empress of the so-called pro-silkworm ceremony, the need to check this ceremony of the festival preparations. The Qing Dynasty, "Xi Bao" (seal) is also in the collection here. Since the Qing Dynasty Yongzheng Yang Xindian after becoming emperor in the Forbidden City in the actual residence. Tongzhi Qing Empress years, Tsz second behind a screen on the Queen Mother in the East Yang Xindian Snappers. After three Miyazawa things in the veranda, as well as the storage king crown, robe, belt, Li Duan Ning's Hall, the place of books Langhammer Hall of Mao ground. South veranda of a study on Prince study, Hanlin degree value for the study of the South, as well as the management of the daily life of the court premises. In addition, the symmetrical precision on the door, the door Yuet Wah, Long-ray doors, door Fung Choi, the base of the door, the door end, longfu department store doors, and doors View, Tong Fei Zi Liu Gong living things. This symmetrical layout of the plane, China is also one of the features of the ancient architecture. Neiting Ningshou Gong was on the eastern side of the emperor declared Qianlong step down after the palace when the old-age overlord, the construction cost 1,102,000 Bank. Kunning Gong in the north of the Imperial Garden. Imperial Garden, there are tall pines and cypresses, and rare flowers and trees, rocks and Pavilion. Originally named after the Imperial Garden Palace Court, covers an area of more than 11,000 square meters, more than 20 construction. Qinan to Temple as the center, landscape architecture, primary and secondary use of complementary, symmetrical pattern, the compact layout, rich classical. Hall of the stack the northeast Xiushan, in order to build from Taihu Dan Diego, the Royal Pavilion building, known as the Chunting million and the future of the two pavilion booths, it can be said is the preservation of the gutting of the most gorgeous. [Edit this paragraph] of Antiquities Collections in the National Palace, the first to appreciate the rich and varied architecture; Second, watch the display in the indoor precious cultural relics. National Palace Museum, a large quantity of precious cultural relics, according to statistics up to a total of as many as 1,052,653, collectively referred to as a cultural 1,000,000, representing the National Heritage of the total number of 1 / 6. As of December 31, 2005, Chinese cultural relics collection system unit-level cultural relics collection of the total number of 109,197 is now in all the State Administration of Cultural Heritage for the record file. National-level cultural relics preservation of the collection units in 1330, the National Palace Museum in 8273 (sets of) top, and received a lot of unique national treasure. Some of the Forbidden City palace in the establishment of a comprehensive history of the Museum of Art, painting museum, Museum categorization ceramics, bronzes Museum, the Ming and Qing Dynasties Technology Museum, the Museum inscription, toy museum, the four treasures of the museum, the play of Hall, the museum treasures, and watch House-ching Court on behalf of institutions such as cultural relics exhibition, a large number of collections of ancient art, is China's richest collection of cultural relics museum. [Edit this paragraph] * Palace Events in 1406 (four years, Wing-lok), Ban Zhao Ming Chengzu capital, Beijing, Nanjing, modeled on the palace ordered the Beijing palace construction. * 1420 (18 years, Wing-lok), the completion of the Beijing palace. The following year a fire broke out in the first three Temple was destroyed. * 1440 (five-orthodox), the reconstruction of the Middle Temple in the first three and Palace of Heavenly Purity. * 1459 (Tianshun three years), Xiyuan construction. * 1557 (36 years Jiajing), the fire in the Forbidden City, Temple in the first three, Feng door, floor, civil and military, the Meridian Gate were burned, in 1561 only to the full completion of the reconstruction. * 1597 (25 years Wanli), the Forbidden City fire hall burned down in the first three, after three palace. Rehabilitation project until 1627 (seven years revealed) to be completed. * 1644 (Chongzhen 17 years), Li Jun fall of Beijing, the Ming dynasty die out. Li burned before the retreat of the Forbidden City, Wu Yingdian only, to build a hall, the Hall of Ying Wa, the South Hall of smoke, around the turret and the door did not burn very emperor, all the rest of the building were destroyed. In the same year Junji Qing emperor moved the capital from Shenyang to Beijing. Since then, over 14 years, the middle will be the basic building repair. * 1683 (22 years of Emperor Kangxi), the Forbidden City began to rebuild destroyed and the remaining part of the building to be completed basic Kangxi 34 years. * 1735 (13 years Yongzheng), Qing Gaozong (Qianlong Emperor) ascended the throne, after 60 years of the Forbidden City to carry out large-scale inter-building and reconstruction. * 1813 (18 years Jiaqing), Lin Tian Lijiao Hindu rate of rebel army to attack the Forbidden City. * In 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces captured Beijing. Eight-Power Allied Forces military parade in the Forbidden City. * 1911, the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, the Qing emperor abdicated. However, in accordance with the Republic of China with the signing of the special care and conditions for still living in the Forbidden City inside. * 1923, Jianfu Palace fire. * In 1924, Feng Yuxiang to launch the "Beijing coup", the expulsion of Qing emperor Pu Yi. * In 1925, the original on the basis of the establishment of the Forbidden City Palace Museum. * 1933, the National Palace Museum artifacts across the border, to escape the Japanese invasion. * In 1948, the National Palace Museum in Taiwan to the south part of the cultural relics. * January 1949, the stability of Beijing, the Palace Museum reopened. * 1950s and 1960s of the twentieth century, have been put forward plans to build the National Palace Museum, for various reasons has been on hold for a long time. * In 1961, approval of the State Council, the Imperial Palace in Beijing have been designated as the first batch of national key cultural unit. * In 1987, the Imperial Palace in Beijing was listed by UNESCO as world cultural heritage list. * In 2005, the beginning of the Imperial Palace in Beijing for a 19-year overhaul. [Edit this paragraph] Forbidden City Tour Guide, you can enter from Tiananmen Square, you can enter by the back door ---- Shenwu Men. From entering Tiananmen Square, a brick through the shop in the square, we arrived at the main gate of the Forbidden City ---- Meridian Gate. Through the Meridian Gate, a large square, square one Jinshui Qiao. Tai Wo bridge by the door is the magnificent Hall of Supreme Harmony. By the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Hall and Paul Hall and through the door dry-ching, will enter Neiting, at Neiting Road, East and West of the three routes. If Picnic, which can only travel one of the three routes, and generally take the middle. Road can go to see Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall cross, Kunning Gong, Princess Bin reside (some of which have been turned into exhibition halls) and the Imperial Garden. In general, with half a day tour the National Palace, the comparison difficult. In order to better arrangements for the day. If, like to see more detail, Two-Day Tour can be arranged. Palace travel routes: (1) the best route to visit from the afternoon into the gate of the Forbidden City, and then along the axis in order to visit Jinshui Qiao, Tai Wo door, Hall of Supreme Harmony, Hall and Paul Hall and the dry-ching door , The Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall cross, Kunning Gong, the Imperial Garden. (2) visiting the Imperial Garden, through the Imperial Garden on the left side of the door into the West followed by a visit Chuxiu Gong Liu Gong, Ling Kun Palace, Palace Yongshou, salt Palace, Changchun Gong, Tai Jidian (also known Dransfield Palace), Right inside the door and then a return to dry-ching Square, into the eastbound left inside the door, followed by a visit Liugongyanxi East Palace, Yonghe Gong, Jing-yang palace, the palace by dry, Zhongcui Gong. Liu Gong may be visiting the East along the East Chang An Avenue to return to the stem-ching Square, King delivered through the east gate to enter the door Xiqing, and then enter a door emperor can visit the Imperial Palace very, Ningshou Gong, play Xilou , Chang Kok Yin, Yang of Temple, the Qianlong Garden, Zhen Fei Well, the last out of the door Shun-ching of the westbound Shenwu Men leave the National Palace. National Palace Museum are open all year round Ticket prices: Low season (every year on November 1 to March 31 next year) 40 yuan, the peak season (every year from April 1 to October 31) 60 yuan; certificate students 20 yuan (middle school students free of charge). Treasures from the Museum and the Museum watch the 10 per ticket. Ticket time: April 1 -10 31 8:30-16:00 Nov. 1 - the following year on March 31 8:30-15:30 The opening hours: April 1 -10 31 8:30-17:00 Nov. 1 - the following year on March 31 8:30-16:30 Stop into the museum: April 1 -10, at 4:10 p.m. on the 31st Nov. 1 - the following year at 3:40 p.m. on March 31 To remind Visit the National Palace Museum, Tiananmen Square from the Progressive, you can enter by the back door ---- Shenwu Men. From entering Tiananmen Square, a brick through the shop in the square, we arrived at the main gate of the Forbidden City ---- Meridian Gate. Through the Meridian Gate, a large square, square one Jinshui Qiao. Tai Wo bridge by the door is the magnificent Hall of Supreme Harmony. By the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Hall and Paul Hall and through the door dry-ching, will enter Neiting, at Neiting Road, East and West of the three routes. If Picnic, which can only travel one of the three routes, and generally take the middle. Road can go to see Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall cross, Kunning Gong, Princess Bin reside (some of which have been turned into exhibition halls) and the Imperial Garden. In general, with half a day tour the National Palace, the comparison difficult. In order to better arrangements for the day. If, like to see more detail, Two-Day Tour can be arranged. Voice guides Languages: Chinese, Cantonese, English, French, Japanese, German, Korean, Russian, Thai, Portuguese, Spanish, Arabic, Italian. Location: on the Meridian Gate, on the Shenwu Men Department. Price: 100 yuan deposit and rent 40 yuan (Chinese version, the Cantonese version 10). Broadcasting: King delivered the southwest gate. Keep package: the Meridian Gate, Shenwu Men, time :8:30-18: 00, Price: free (visitors may choose not to keep security after the package can be transported free of charge between the two). Wheelchairs and children's car: on the Meridian Gate, on the Shenwu Men, the price: free. Service Center audience: Arrow booths. Phone :010 audience-85111576, 85111567. Fixed display: original court and display more than 10 fixed exhibition. Facilities: open area fast-food restaurant. Permanent exhibition at the National Palace Museum "Museum Treasures - Cultural Relics from the Palace precious possession" - Imperial Palace veranda room very dependent Hall of Yueshou Tang and Yi Xuan "Shek Kwu Museum - Shek Kwu Qin display feature" - Queen East highly Hall veranda "Watch Museum - the National Palace Museum collection Watch Fair" - Fengxian Temple (11:00 museum and watch demonstrations have 14 points) "Bronze Museum" - Cheng Qian Gong "Opera Palace Exhibition" - Chang Music Pavilion floor, is available "Pu Yi Chin-life" - Lai Hin "Bin life of the Qing Dynasty Princess Show" - Yongshou Palace "Dynasty music show" - Hong-yi ko "Palace guards of honor Lu Bu Show" - Tai veranda door of the West "Tian Yong Tibetan Exhibition" - Paul Hall and West veranda "Qing Wubei Show" - Hong-yi House Nancy winding veranda "Wan Festival Show" - Palace of Heavenly Purity veranda of the West "The Emperor wedding show" - East Palace of Heavenly Purity veranda [Edit this paragraph] documentary "Forbidden City" Imperial Palace, a royal palace is also a museum. Together nearly 600 years of court and change the world changes, accumulated for thousands of years of culture. National Palace Museum, with its heavy connotations of the Chinese nation to become the cultural, artistic and social, historical landmark. National Palace Museum is the world's largest and most complete existing ancient palace complex, also 24 Ming and Qing emperors to Lin Chao governance and daily life, is the precious cultural heritage of mankind. Here on behalf of the authority, but also full of mystery. In October 1925, completed the National Palace Museum to the palace from the historical changes in China's largest ancient culture and art museums. In October 2005, the National Palace Museum coincides with the 80th anniversary of the hospital building. National Palace Museum and the China Central Television in 2002, decided to co-produced television documentary, "Forbidden City", for the first time the full construction of the National Palace, heritage and history. "Forbidden City" the best version of the set is divided into 12, 50-minute episode. "Palace Museum" documentary filming since the beginning of the world have been on the media attention. CCTV International TV Corporation, belongs with the National Geographic Channel entered into an agreement, the two sides will co-produce the two-hour "Forbidden City" of the international edition of the United States by the National Geographic Channel exclusive agent "Forbidden City" special edition of the overseas issue. Not only will the "Forbidden City" documentary to the world at the same time, the Palace Museum has such a sense of the world's cultural treasure house, is also an important cultural value of the spread. For the high quality of this unprecedented large-scale documentary film, China Central Television and the National Palace Museum, both sides have invested great strength. Before the shooting, the two sides jointly organized a number of experts will, among all the parties concerned to seek a well-known experts, and experts take the National Palace Museum, organized a strong team of academic advisers, a documentary on the shooting script and, after Additions and deletions, and repeatedly revised. Only area around the National Palace Museum has hundreds of experts involved in this work. China Central Television for the "Forbidden City" organization with a powerful line-up creation, content creation, the crew followed the authority, objectivity and visibility, the perfect combination of narrative principle, strive to maximize both the general audience and professionals Demand viewing. In order to achieve a perfect artistic effect, the use of high-definition video film photography equipment, a variety of high-level photography and film class aids lighting equipment, as well as the latter advanced equipment to ensure a first-class film production standards. "Palace Museum" in a lot of animation also created a documentary in the creation of a new record in animation, such as the construction of the Forbidden City, Kangxi and Qianlong of the Year when the National Palace, the scene of a massive reproduction of the ceremony, and so on, in order to increase the film's true visual effects And some new animation techniques used are also impressive. In the shooting of two years, crews are facing every day knew a lot of treasure, a considerable part of the collection for the protection of the needs for light, the environment, there are stringent requirements for this film brought about by the great Degree of difficulty. For example, in the film "National Palace Museum Painting and Calligraphy" set, involving a large number of fine handed down the painting, in order to ensure that these priceless paintings on the premise of security, improve the quality of the film, produced by the staff selected the artifacts from the coffers of the recent shooting locations , Did not use the heat and ultraviolet Lvqu special lighting equipment, after the National Palace Museum of Science and Technology experts strict examinations and tests to determine the lights have no effect on the painting, carried out shooting. Drawing on the humidity is very strict, we must ensure that between 48-55 degrees, in order to maintain proper humidity, the crew shooting the scene of the non-stop for watering operations to ensure the safety of painting. Painting shooting just shooting a collection of cultural relics, the heritage of all the shooting, the crew are professional assistance in strict accordance with a set of well-detailed process of operation, both to ensure that none of the relics go wrong, and maximize the Of artistic expression. Set 12 "Forbidden City" the best version of the National Palace from the construction, use, collection and artifacts from the Palace Museum, the National Palace to show a full range of both the display of artifacts, history and combing both rigorous scientific thesis, There is no lack of vivid characters and the story about the fate of. "Forbidden City" this documentary works will be comprehensive, systematic and objective display of the history of the National Palace today and the future. That beautiful, mysterious vicissitudes of the palace buildings and cultural relics collection, a lot of unknown, fresh and vivid characters and the fate of historical events, and the implication of the rich art and cultural history of ideological content and the audience will bring an unprecedented new Feelings. - The world's largest, and the representative of traditional Chinese architectural art of the highest standard of construction of the Royal community, was presented as a whole; - National Palace Museum collection of nearly 1,500,000 in all types of precious cultural relics and classic works of the legendary, had a perfect show; - Took place in the National Palace in the last 600 years, as well as with major historical events are closely related to historical figures, the decryption system; - Countries in the world at different stages of technology products, scientific instruments, such as cultural exchanges between Chinese and foreign direct evidence, conducted a thorough combing Memorial; - National Palace Museum to build homes in the 80 years of experience changes, the difficult start, back and forth, and other historical treasures, a detailed review; - The ancient Forbidden City in the founding of New China and the development of new, massive overhaul of the 100 years of the implementation process, carried out an exclusive record. Design and a lot of historical relics. [Edit this paragraph] a debate on the National Palace, "Palace Museum" or "Forbidden City" National Palace Museum, as the East Building of the palace on behalf of the world an example of palace architecture. In 1987, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee will be included in the National Palace, "the World Heritage List." Palace is the official name of the "Palace Museum" (The Palace Museum), but in Europe and the United States published in the tourism brochures, often called the "Forbidden City" (The Forbidden City), and the annotations it is China that Two generations of Qing Dynasty royal resident. Zengjinglaiguo most of the world or the Palace of the visitors want to look at is that in the Hollywood movie "The Last Emperor" in the shining mystery of the giant Royal Palace, would like to experience, the East is the splendor of imperial times with the extensive, but not Just to visit the National Palace in the display at the national level cultural relics. Palace of the Royal Palace of the property, which is far greater than as a function of the museum's possession of objects. At the National Palace Museum is considered the subconscious, Tai Wo in the door to set up a large-screen TV guide system, the idea was put forward, the experts argue, the plan ultimately failed to be implemented. Second, the attribution of the National Palace Museum National Palace Museum is one of the world cultural heritage, in this sense, belongs to the National Palace in the world. From the point of view of property ownership, the National Palace as a subject of great real estate, before the Revolution, has always belonged to the royal family, all of the Qing Dynasty. When the Prince Pu Yi Feng Yuxiang will be out of the Forbidden City, it has been nationalized. This involves international law are two important concepts: "nationalization" and "inheritance."　　

故宫，即在封建王朝统治结束的时候前王朝皇帝所居住工作的宫殿建筑群，现多指北京故宫博物院。
[编辑本段]北京故宫简介　　故宫位于北京市中心，旧称紫禁城。是明、清两代的皇宫，无与伦比的古代建筑杰作，世界现存最大、最完整的古建筑群。被誉为世界五大宫之首（北京故宫、法国凡尔赛宫、英国白金汉宫、美国白宫、俄罗斯克里姆林宫）。
　　

故宫平面图
　　故宫始建于公元1406，1420年基本竣工，是明朝皇帝朱棣始建。故宫南北长961米，东西宽753米，面积约为725,000平方米。建筑面积15.5万平方米。相传故宫一共有9999.5间，实际据1973年专家现场测量故宫有大小院落90多座，房屋有980座，共计8707间（而此“间”并非现今房间之概念，此处“间”指四根房柱所形成的空间）。宫城周围环绕着高12米，长3400米的宫墙，形式为一长方形城池，墙外有52米宽的护城河环绕，形成一个森严壁垒的城堡。故宫宫殿建筑均是木结构、黄琉璃瓦顶、青白石底座，饰以金碧辉煌的彩画。故宫有4个门，正门名午门，东门名东华门，西门名西华门，北门名神武门。面对北门神武门，有用土、石筑成的景山，满山松柏成林。在整体布局上，景山可说是故宫建筑群的屏障。
　　故宫的建筑依据其布局与功用分为“外朝”与“内廷”两大部分。“外朝”与“内廷”以乾清门为界，乾清门以南为外朝，以北为内廷。故宫外朝、内廷的建筑气氛迥然不同。
　　外朝以太和、中和、保和三大殿为中心，是皇帝举行朝会的地方，也称为“前朝”。是封建皇帝行使权力、举行盛典的地方。此外两翼东有文华殿、文渊阁、上驷院、南三所；西有武英殿、内务府等建筑。
　　内廷以乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫后三宫为中心，两翼为养心殿、东、西六宫、斋宫、毓庆宫，后有御花园。是封建帝王与后妃居住之所。内廷东部的宁寿宫是当年乾隆皇帝退位后养老而修建。内廷西部有慈宁宫、寿安宫等。此外还有重华宫，北五所等建筑。
[编辑本段]历史　　故宫始建于公元1406年（永乐四年），1420年（永乐十八年）基本竣工，历时14年，是明成祖朱棣始建，在元大都宫殿的基础上兴建。明初主持设计者蒯祥（1397-1481年，字廷瑞，苏州人）。
　　

　　故宫建成后，经历了明、清两个王朝，到1911年清帝逊位的约五百年间，历经了明、清两个朝代二十四位皇帝。是明清两朝最高统治核心的代名词。明清宫廷五百多年的历史，包含了帝后活动，等级制度、权力斗争、宗教祭祀等。当时普通人连走近紫禁城墙附近的地方都算犯罪。由于明清宫廷是封建制度高度完备的最高统治中心，不寻常的大事，往往都是围绕皇权的传承与安危展开的。如明代正统皇帝复辟的夺门之变、嘉靖皇帝被宫女谋刺的壬寅宫变、万历四十三年梃击太子宫的“梃击案”、泰昌皇帝因服丹丸而死亡的“红丸案”、泰昌帝病死后围绕着新皇帝登极的“移宫”风波。清朝初诸王大臣为确立皇权的三官庙之争、清末慈禧太后谋取权力的辛酉政变等等。
　　1911年辛亥革命后，紫禁城宫殿本应全部收归国有，但按照那时拟定的《清室优待条件》，逊帝爱新觉罗·溥仪被允许“暂居宫禁”，即“后寝”部分。1924年，冯玉祥发动“北京政变”，将溥仪逐出宫禁，同时成立“清室善后委员会”，接管了故宫。于1925年10月10日宣布故宫博物院正式成立，对外开放。1925年以后紫禁城才被称为“故宫”。随着清王朝的没落，特别是1949年前的38年中，故宫建筑日渐破坏，有多处宫殿群倒坍，垃圾成山。
　　

　　1949年中华人民共和国成立后，1961年，国务院宣布故宫为第一批“全国重点文物保护单位”。从五六十年代起进行了大规模的修整。1988年故宫被联合国教科文组织列为“世界文化遗产”。现辟为“故宫博物院”。
[编辑本段]建筑形式　　故宫严格地按《周礼·考工记》中“前朝后市，左祖右社”的帝都营建原则建造。整个故宫，在建筑布置上，用形体变化、高低起伏的手法，组合成一个整体。在功能上符合封建社会的等级制度。同时达到左右均衡和形体变化的艺术效果。中国建筑的屋顶形式是丰富多彩的，在故宫建筑中，不同形式的屋顶就有10种以上。以3大殿为例，屋顶各不相同。故宫建筑屋顶满铺各色琉璃瓦件。主要殿座以黄色为主。绿色用于皇子居住区的建筑。其它蓝、紫、黑、翠以及孔雀绿、宝石蓝等五色缤纷的琉璃，多用在花园或琉璃壁上。太和殿屋顶当中正脊的两端各有琉璃吻兽，稳重有力地吞住大脊。吻兽造型优美，是构件又是装饰物。一部分瓦件塑造出龙凤、狮子、海马等立体动物形象，象征吉祥和威严，这些构件在建筑上起了装饰作用。
　　故宫前部宫殿，当时建筑造型要求宏伟壮丽，庭院明朗开阔，象征封建政权至高无上，太和殿坐落在紫禁城对角线的中心，四角上各有十只吉祥瑞兽，生动形象，栩栩如生。故宫的设计者认为这样以显示皇帝的威严，震慑天下。后部内廷却要求庭院深邃，建筑紧凑，因此东西六宫都自成一体，各有宫门宫墙，相对排列，秩序井然，再配以宫灯联对，绣榻几床，都是体现适应豪华生活需要的布置。内廷之后是宫后苑。后苑里有岁寒不雕的苍松翠柏，有秀石迭砌的玲珑假山，楼、阁、亭、榭掩映其间，幽美而恬静。
　　故宫宫殿是沿着一条南北向中轴线排列，三大殿、后三宫、御花园都位于这条中轴线上。并向两旁展开，南北取直，左右对称。这条中轴线不仅贯穿在紫禁城内，而且南达永定门，北到鼓楼、钟楼，贯穿了整个城市，气魄宏伟，规划严整，极为壮观。
　　故宫是几百年前劳动人民智能和血汗的结晶。初建时被奴役的劳动者有工匠十万，夫役百万。在当时社会生产条件下，能建造这样宏伟高大的建筑群，充分反映了中国古代劳动人民的高度智能和创造才能。同时，为了修建故宫，如所需的木材，在明代时，大多采自四川、广西、广东、云南、贵州等地，无数劳动人民被迫在崇山峻岭中的原始森林里，伐运木材。所用石料多采自北京远郊和距京郊二三百里的山区。每块石料往往重达几吨甚至几十、几百吨，如现在保和殿后檐的台阶，有一块云龙雕石重约250吨。
　　建筑学家们认为故宫的设计与建筑，实在是一个无与伦比的杰作，它的平面布局，立体效果，以及形式上的雄伟、堂皇、庄严、和谐，建筑气势雄伟、豪华壮丽，是中国古代建筑艺术的精华。它标志着中国悠久的文化传统，显示着五百多年前匠师们在建筑上的卓越成就。
　　站在高山上看故宫，根本看不到一个窗户，是为了防止刺客找路。大门前有两个铁缸，是防火的，里面盛满了水。
[编辑本段]故宫四门　　故宫有四个大门，正门名为午门。其平面为凹形，宏伟壮丽。午门后有五座精巧的汉白玉拱桥通往太和门。东门名东华门，西门名西华门，北门名神武门。故宫的四个城角都有精巧玲珑的角楼，角楼高27.5米，十字屋脊，三重檐迭出，四面亮山，多角交错，是结构奇丽的建筑。
　　故宫的正门叫“午门”，俗称五凤楼。东西北三面以12米高的城台相连，环抱一个方形广场。有1组建筑。正中有重楼，是9间面宽的大殿，重檐庑殿顶，在左右伸出两阙城墙上，建有联檐通脊的楼阁四座，明廊相连，两翼各有13间的殿屋向南伸出，四隅各有高大的角亭，辅翼着正殿。这种形状的门楼称为“阙门”，是中国古代大门中最高级的形式。这组城上的建筑，形势巍峨壮丽，是故宫宫殿群中第一高峰。午门是皇帝下诏书、下令出征的地方。每遇宣读皇帝圣旨，颁发年历书，文武百官都要齐集午门前广场听旨。午门当中的正门平时只有皇帝才可以出入，皇帝大婚时皇后进一次，殿试考中状元、榜眼、探花的三人可以从此门走出一次。文武大臣进出东侧门，宗室王公出入西侧门。
　　后门“神武门”，明朝时为“玄武门”，玄武为古代四神兽之一，从方位上讲，左青龙，右白虎，前朱雀，后玄武，玄武主北方，所以帝王宫殿的北宫门多取名“玄武”。清康熙年间因避讳改称“神武门”。神武门也是一座城门楼形式，用的最高等级的重檐庑殿式屋顶，但它的大殿只有五开间加围廊，没有左右向前伸展的两翼，所以在形制上要比午门低一个等级。神武门是宫内日常出入的门禁。现神武门为故宫博物院正门。
　　东华门与西华门遥相对应，门外设有下马碑石，门内金水河南北流向，上架石桥1座，桥北为三座门。东华门与西华门形制相同，平面矩形，红色城台，白玉须弥座，当中辟3座券门，券洞外方内圆。城台上建有城楼，黄琉璃瓦重檐庑殿顶，城楼面阔5间，进深3间，四周出廊。
　　在午门以内，有广阔的大庭院，当中有弧形的内金水河横亘东西，北面就是外朝宫殿大门——太和门，左右各有朝房 廊庑。金水河上有5座桥梁，装有白色汉白玉栏杆，随河宛转，形似玉带。
[编辑本段]三大殿　　太和门内，在3万多平方米开阔的庭院中，是外朝的中心：太和殿、中和殿、保和殿，统称三大殿（明朝称：奉天殿、华盖殿、谨身殿，嘉靖时改名：皇极殿、中极殿、建极殿。现名为清朝时名称）。这3座大殿是故宫中的主要建筑，它们高矮造型不同，屋顶形式也不同，显得丰富多样而不呆板。
　　

太和殿
　　太和殿（明朝称奉天殿、皇极殿），俗称“金銮殿”，太和殿高35.05米，东西63米，南北35米，面积约2380多平方米。面积是紫禁城诸殿中最大的一座，而且形制也是最高规格，最富丽堂皇的建筑。太和殿是五脊四坡大殿，从东到西有一条长脊，前后各有斜行垂脊两条，这样就构成五脊四坡的屋面，建筑术语上叫庑殿式。檐角有10个走兽(分别为 龙、凤、狮子、天马、海马、狻猊、押鱼、獬豸、斗牛、行什)，为中国古建筑之特例。大约从14世纪明代起，重檐庑殿是封建王朝宫殿等级最高的形式。太和殿有直径达1米的大柱72根，其中6根围绕御座的是沥粉金漆的蟠龙柱。殿内有沥粉金漆木柱和精致的蟠龙藻井，殿中间是封建皇权的象征——金漆雕龙宝座，设在殿内高2米的台上，安放着金漆雕龙宝座，御座前有造型美观的仙鹤、炉、鼎，背后是雕龙屏。太和殿是故宫中最大的木结构建筑，是故宫最壮观的建筑，也是中国最大的木构殿宇。整个大殿装饰得金碧辉煌，庄严绚丽。太和殿是皇帝举行重大典礼的地方。即皇帝即位、生日、婚礼、元旦等都在这里庆祝。
　　

中和殿
　　中和殿（明朝称华盖殿、中极殿）是故宫三大殿之一，位于太和殿后。中和殿高27米，平面呈正方形，面阔、进深各为3间，四面出廊，金砖铺地，建筑面积580㎡。黄琉璃瓦单檐四角攒尖顶，正中有鎏金宝顶。四脊顶端聚成尖状，上安铜胎鎏金球形的宝顶，建筑术语上叫四角攒尖式。中和殿是皇帝去太和殿举行大典前稍事休息和演习礼仪的地方。皇帝在去太和殿之前先在此稍作停留，接受内阁大臣和礼部官员行礼，然后进太和殿举行仪式。另外，皇帝祭祀天地和太庙之前，也要先在这里审阅一下写有祭文的“祝版”；在到中南海演耕前，也要在这里审视一下耕具。
　　

保和殿
　　保和殿（明朝称谨身殿、建极殿）也是故宫三大殿之一，在中和殿后。保和殿高29米，平面呈长方形，面阔9间，进深5间，建筑面积1240㎡。黄琉璃瓦重檐歇山式屋顶。屋顶正中有一条正脊，前后各有2条垂脊，在各条垂脊下部再斜出一条岔脊，连同正脊、垂脊、岔脊共9条，建筑术语上叫歇山式。保和殿是每年除夕皇帝赐宴外藩王公的场所。保和殿也是科举考试举行殿试的地方。
　　太和殿和中和殿、保和殿都建在汉白玉砌成的8米高的工字形基台上，太和在前，中和居中，保和在后。远望犹如神话中的琼宫仙阙。基台三层重迭，每层台上边缘都装饰有汉白玉雕刻的栏板、望柱和龙头，三台当中有三层石阶雕有蟠龙，衬托以海浪和流云的“御路”。在25000平方米的台面上有透雕栏板1415块，雕刻云龙翔凤的望柱1460个，龙头1138个。用这样多的汉白玉装饰的三台，造型重迭起伏，这是中国古代建筑上具有独特风格的装饰艺术。而这种装饰在结构功能上，又是台面的排水管道。在栏板地栿石下，刻有小洞口；在望柱下伸出的龙头也刻出小洞口。每到雨季，3台雨水逐层由各小洞口下泄，水由龙头流出，千龙喷水，蔚为壮观。这是科学而又艺术的设计。
[编辑本段]内廷　　　

乾清宫　故宫建筑的后半部叫内廷，内廷宫殿的大门——乾清门，左右有琉璃照壁，门里是后三宫。内廷以乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫为中心，东西两翼有东六宫和西六宫，是皇帝处理日常政务之处也是皇帝与后妃居住生活的地方。后半部在建筑风格上同于前半部。前半部建筑形象是严肃、庄严、壮丽、雄伟，以象征皇帝的至高无上。后半部内廷则富有生活气息，建筑多是自成院落，有花园、书斋、馆榭、山石等。
　　乾清宫在故宫内庭最前面。乾清宫是内廷正殿，高20米。重檐庑殿顶。殿的正中有宝座，内有“正大光明”匾。两头有暖阁。乾清宫是封建皇帝的寝宫。清康熙前此处为皇帝居住和处理政务之处。清雍正后皇帝移居养心殿，但仍在此批阅奏报，选派官吏和召见臣下。
　　

坤宁宫
　　坤宁宫在故宫“内庭”最后面。重檐庑殿顶。坤宁宫是明朝及清朝雍正帝之前的皇后寝宫，两头有暖阁。清代改为祭神场所。雍正后，西暖阁为萨满的祭祀地。其中东暖阁为皇帝大婚的洞房，康熙、同治、光绪三帝，均在此举行婚礼。
　　交泰殿在乾清宫和坤宁宫之间，含“天地交合、安康美满”之意。其建于明代，清嘉庆三年（公元1798年）重修，是座四角攒尖，镀金宝顶，龙凤纹饰的方形殿。明、清时，该殿是皇后生日举办寿庆活动的地方。清代皇后所谓亲蚕典礼，需至此检查祭典仪式的准备情况。清代的“宝玺”（印章）也收藏在这里。
　　清朝自雍正之后养心殿成为皇帝在故宫内的实际居所。清同治年间慈禧、慈安二太后垂帘听政就在养心殿东暖阁。
　　在后三宫东西庑，还有为皇帝存储冠、袍、带、履的端凝殿，放置图书翰墨的懋勤殿。南庑有皇子读书的上书房，有翰林学士承值的南书房，以及管理宫廷日常生活的处所。此外还有左右对称的日精门、月华门、龙光门、凤彩门、基化门、端则门、隆福门、景和门，通妃子居住的东西六宫。这种左右对称的平面布局，也是中国古代建筑的特征之一。
　　内廷东侧的宁寿宫是当年乾隆皇帝宣布退位后当太上皇养老皇宫，花费一百一十万两银修建。
　　在坤宁宫北面的是御花园。御花园里有高耸的松柏、珍贵的花木、山石和亭阁。御花园原名宫后苑，占地11000多平方米，有建筑20余处。以钦安殿为中心，园林建筑采用主次相辅、左右对称的格局，布局紧凑、古典富丽。殿东北的堆秀山，为太湖石迭砌而成，上筑御景亭，名为万春亭和千秋亭的两座亭子，可以说是目前保存的古亭中最为华丽的。
[编辑本段]文物收藏　　故宫，一是欣赏丰富多彩的建筑艺术；二是观赏陈列于室内的珍贵的文物。故宫博物院藏有大量珍贵文物，据统计总共达1052653件之多，统称有文物100万件，占全国文物总数的1/6。截至2005年12月31日，中国文物系统文物收藏单位馆藏一级文物的总数已达109197件，现已全部在国家文物局建档备案。在全国保存一级文物的1330个收藏单位中，故宫博物院以8273件（套）高居榜首，并收有很多绝无仅有的国宝。故宫的一些宫殿中设立了综合性的历史艺术馆、绘画馆、分类的陶瓷馆、青铜器馆、明清工艺美术馆、铭刻馆、玩具馆、文房四宝馆、玩物馆、珍宝馆、钟表馆和清代宫廷典章文物展览等，收藏有大量古代艺术珍品，是中国收藏文物最丰富的博物馆。
[编辑本段]故宫大事记　　* 1406年（永乐四年），明成祖颁诏迁都北京，下令仿照南京皇宫营建北京宫殿。
　　* 1420年（永乐十八年），北京宫殿竣工。次年发生大火，前三殿被焚毁。
　　* 1440年（正统五年），重建前三殿及乾清宫。
　　* 1459年（天顺三年），营建西苑。
　　* 1557年（嘉靖三十六年），紫禁城大火，前三殿、奉天门、文武楼、午门全部被焚毁，至1561年才全部重建完工。
　　* 1597年（万历二十五年），紫禁城大火，焚毁前三殿、后三宫。复建工程直至1627年（天启七年）方完工。
　　* 1644年（崇祯十七年），李自成军攻陷北京，明朝灭亡。李自成撤退前焚毁紫禁城，仅武英殿、建极殿、英华殿、南熏殿、四周角楼和皇极门未焚，其余建筑全部被毁。同年清顺治皇帝从沈阳迁都至北京。此后历时14年，将中路建筑基本修复。
　　* 1683年（康熙二十二年），开始重建紫禁城其余被毁部分建筑，至康熙三十四年基本完工。
　　* 1735年（雍正十三年），清高宗（乾隆帝）即位，此后六十年间对紫禁城进行大规模增建和改建。
　　* 1813年（嘉庆十八年），天理教教徒林清率起义军攻打紫禁城。
　　* 1900年，八国联军攻陷北京。八国联军在紫禁城阅兵。
　　* 1911年，武昌起义爆发，清帝退位。但按照与民国签订的优抚条件，仍然居住于紫禁城内。
　　* 1923年，建福宫发生火灾。
　　* 1924年，冯玉祥发动“北京政变”，驱逐清帝溥仪。
　　* 1925年，在原紫禁城的基础上建立故宫博物院。
　　* 1933年，故宫博物院文物南迁，以躲避日本侵略。
　　* 1948年，故宫博物院南迁文物部分运往台湾。
　　* 1949年1月，北平稳定后，故宫博物院恢复开放。
　　* 二十世纪五六十年代，陆续有提出故宫修建计划，后因种种原因搁置了很长一段时间。
　　* 1961年，经国务院批准，北京故宫被定为全国第一批重点文物保护单位。
　　* 1987年，北京故宫被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产名录。
　　* 2005年，北京故宫开始进行为期19年的大修。
[编辑本段]旅游指南　　　游览故宫，可以从天安门进，也可以由后门----神武门进。由天安门进入，穿过一片青砖铺地的广场，便到达紫禁城的正门----午门。穿过午门，又是一个大广场，广场上有一金水桥。过桥经太和门便是雄伟的太和殿。经太和殿、中和殿、保和殿，穿过乾清门，便进入内廷，内廷分中路、东路和西路三条路线。如果是半日游，这三条路线只能游一条，一般可走中路。走中路可看乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫、嫔妃所住的地方(其中有的已辟为展厅)和御花园。一般来说，用半天时间游故宫，比较吃力。以安排一日游为佳。如有时间，又想看得细些，则可安排二日游。
　　　故宫旅游路线：（1）最理想的参观路线是从午门进入紫禁城，然后沿着中轴线依次参观内金水桥、太和门、太和殿、中和殿、保和殿、乾清门、乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫、御花园。（2）参观完御花园，可以通过御花园左侧的门进入西六宫依次参观储秀宫、翎坤宫、永寿宫、咸福宫、长春宫、太极殿（也叫启祥宫），然后出内右门回到乾清门广场，东行进入内左门，可依次参观东六宫延禧宫、永和宫、景阳宫、乘乾宫、钟粹宫。参观完东六宫可沿东长安街再回到乾清门广场，向东穿过景运门进入锡庆门，然后再进入皇极门，可以参观皇极殿、宁寿宫、扮戏楼、畅音阁、养性殿、乾隆花园、贞妃井，最后出贞顺门西行出神武门离开故宫。
　　故宫博物院全年开放
　　门票价格：
　　淡季（每年11月1日至来年3月31日）40元，旺季（每年4月1日至10月31日）60元；学生凭证20元（中学生免费）。
　　珍宝馆和钟表馆门票各10元。
　　售票时间：
　　4月1日—10月31日 8:30—16:00
　　11月1日—次年3月31日 8:30—15:30
　　开馆时间：
　　4月1日—10月31日 8:30—17:00
　　11月1日—次年3月31日 8:30—16:30
　　停止入馆时间：
　　4月1日—10月31日 16:10
　　11月1日—次年3月31日 15:40
　　特别提醒
　　游览故宫，可以从天安门进，也可以由后门----神武门进。由天安门进入，穿过一片青砖铺地的广场，便到达紫禁城的正门----午门。穿过午门，又是一个大广场，广场上有一金水桥。过桥经太和门便是雄伟的太和殿。经太和殿、中和殿、保和殿，穿过乾清门，便进入内廷，内廷分中路、东路和西路三条路线。如果是半日游，这三条路线只能游一条，一般可走中路。走中路可看乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫、嫔妃所住的地方(其中有的已辟为展厅)和御花园。一般来说，用半天时间游故宫，比较吃力。以安排一日游为佳。如有时间，又想看得细些，则可安排二日游。
　　语音导游
　　语种：汉语、粤语、英语、法语、日语、德语、韩语、俄语、泰语、葡萄牙语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语、意大利语。
　　位置：午门讲解处、神武门讲解处。
　　价格：押金 100 元，租金40元（汉语版、粤语版10元）。
　　广播位置：景运门西南。
　　存包处：午门、神武门，时间：8:30-18:00 ，价格：免费（游客可选择安检后不存包，可在两门之间免费运送）。
　　轮椅和儿童车位置：午门讲解处、神武门讲解处，价格：免费。
　　观众服务中心位置：箭亭。
　　观众咨询电话：010-85111576、85111567。
　　固定陈列：宫廷原状陈列和十多个固定展览。
　　设施服务：开放地区有快餐厅。
　　故宫博物院常设展览
　　《珍宝馆——故宫藏珍贵文物展》—皇极殿庑房 养性殿 乐寿堂　颐和轩
　　《石鼓馆——秦国石鼓专题陈列》—皇极殿东庑
　　《钟表馆——故宫收藏钟表展》—奉先殿（馆内11点和14点有钟表演示）
　　《青铜器馆》—承乾宫
　　《清宫戏曲展》—畅音阁 阅是楼
　　《溥仪生活展》—丽景轩
　　《清代妃嫔生活展》—永寿宫
　　《皇朝礼乐展》—弘义阁
　　《清宫卤簿仪仗展》—太和门西庑
　　《天府永藏展》—保和殿西庑
　　《清代武备展》—弘义阁迤南西庑
　　《万寿庆典展》－乾清宫西庑
　　《皇帝大婚展》－乾清宫东庑
[编辑本段]纪录片《故宫》　　故宫，是一座皇家宫殿，也是一座博物馆。凝聚着近600年的宫廷变迁和人世沧桑，积淀了几千年的文化。故宫，以其厚重的内涵，成为中华民族文化、艺术和社会、历史的里程碑。故宫是世界上现存最大最完整的古代宫殿建筑群，也是明清24位皇帝临朝为政和日常生活的地方，是人类珍贵的文化遗产。这里代表了权威，也充满了神秘。
　　1925年10月，故宫完成了从皇宫到博物院的历史转变，成为中国最大的古代文化艺术博物馆。2005年10月，恰逢故宫博物院建院80周年。故宫博物院和中央电视台于2002年决定联合制作电视纪录片《故宫》，第一次全面反映故宫的建筑、文物和历史。
　　《故宫》精华版分为12集，每集50分钟。《故宫》这部纪录片自拍摄之初就得到了世界媒体的关注。中央电视台所属的国际电视总公司已经与美国国家地理频道签订协议，双方将共同制作两小时的《故宫》国际版，并由美国国家地理频道独家代理《故宫》国际版特辑的海外发行。不仅将使《故宫》这部纪录片走向世界，同时，对于故宫博物院这样一座具有世界意义的文化宝库来说，也具有重要的文化传播价值。
　　为高质量地完成这次前所未有的大规模的纪录片拍摄，中央电视台和故宫博物院双方都投入了非常大的力量。在拍摄之前，双方共同组织了多次专家论证会，征求了国内各有关方面著名专家的意见，并由故宫博物院的专家担纲，组织了强大的学术顾问队伍，对纪录片的拍摄方案和剧本，几经增删，反复修改。仅故宫方面前后就有上百名专家参与了此项工作。中央电视台为《故宫》组织了强大的创作阵容，在内容创作方面，摄制组遵循了权威性、客观性与可视性、故事性完美结合的原则，力求最大程度地兼顾普通观众与专业人士的观赏需求。为了达到完美的艺术效果，本片使用高清晰度摄录设备拍摄，各种高级摄影辅助器材和电影级灯光设备，以及先进的后期设备的使用，保证了本片一流的制作水准。《故宫》中大量的动画制作也创造了纪录片中动画创作的新纪录，比如故宫的修建过程、康乾盛世时的故宫、场面浩大的典礼仪式的再现等，为本片增加了真实的视觉效果，一些新的动画技巧的使用也给人留下深刻印象。
　　在拍摄的两年中，摄制组每天面对的都是大量的旷世珍宝，有相当一部分藏品出于保护的需要，对于光线、环境都有严格的要求，这给拍摄带来的极大的难度。比如，在拍摄《故宫书画》这一集当中，涉及到了大批精美的传世绘画，为了在确保这些价值连城的绘画安全的前提下，提高拍摄质量，摄制人员选择了距离文物库房最近的拍摄地点，使用了没有热度且滤去紫外线的特种灯光设备，在经过故宫博物院科技部专家的严格检测确定灯光对绘画没有任何影响之后，方进行拍摄。绘画对湿度的要求十分严格，必须保证在48-55度之间，为了保持合适的湿度，摄制组在拍摄现场不停的进行洒水作业，保证绘画的安全。拍摄绘画仅仅是拍摄馆藏文物的一项内容，对于所有文物的拍摄，摄制组都在专业人员的协助下，严格按照一套详细周密的流程操作，既保证文物无一闪失，又最大程度地提高了艺术表现力。
　　12集《故宫》精华版从故宫的建筑、使用、馆藏文物和从皇宫到博物院等方面，全方位的展现故宫，既有文物的展示，又有历史的梳理，既有严谨的科学论断，又不乏生动的故事与人物命运的讲述。《故宫》这部纪录片本部作品将全面、系统、客观地展示故宫的历史、今天与未来。那美轮美奂、神秘沧桑的宫廷建筑和馆藏文物、那很多不为人知、生动鲜活的人物命运和历史事件，以及其中蕴含的丰厚的艺术文化历史和思想内涵将带给观众前所未有的崭新感受。
　　——对世界上规模最大、并且代表中国传统建筑艺术最高水准的皇家建筑群落，进行了整体的呈现；
　　——对故宫珍藏的近150万件各类珍贵文物中经典的和富有传奇色彩的作品，进行了完美的展示；
　　——对发生在故宫的近六百年中重大历史事件以及与之密切相关的历史人物，进行了系统的解密；
　　——对世界各国不同时期的工艺精品、科学仪器等中外文化交往的直接证物，进行了全面的梳理纪念；
　　——对故宫建院80年中所经历的风云变幻、创业艰辛、国宝颠沛流离等历史，进行了翔实的回顾；
　　——对古老的故宫在新中国成立后的新生和发展、浩大的百年大修的实施过程，进行了独家的记录。并且设计了很多历史文物。
[编辑本段]关于故宫的争论　　一、是“故宫博物院”还是“紫禁城”
　　故宫，作为东方宫殿建筑的代表、世界宫殿建筑的典范。1987年，联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会将故宫列入“世界遗产目录”。 故宫的官方名称是“故宫博物院”（The Palace Museum），但在欧美国家出版的旅游小册子里，通常都称其为“紫禁城”（The Forbidden City），并附加说明它是中国明、清两代王朝的皇家驻地。世界上大多数曾经来过或想来故宫的游客要看的，是那个在好莱坞电影《末代皇帝》中闪耀着神秘色彩的巨型皇家宫殿，想体验的，是东方帝制时代的壮美与恢宏，而不仅仅是要参观故宫内陈设的国家级文物。故宫的皇家宫殿的属性，远远大于它作为博物馆的藏物功能。 在故宫被视为博物馆的潜意识下，一个在太和门设立大屏幕电视导游系统的设想曾被提出来，在专家们的据理力争下，这一计划最终没能实施。
　　二、故宫的归属
　　故宫是世界文化遗产，在这个意义上说，故宫属于世界。从财产所有权的角度来看，故宫作为一项标的巨大的不动产，在辛亥革命以前，一直属于清朝皇族所有。而当冯玉祥将爱新觉罗·溥仪赶出紫禁城之后，它就已被收归国有。由此牵涉到国际法上的两个重要概念：“国有化”和“政府继承”。当一国政府基于人民利益或公共需要时，可以对国民私有财产或外国公私财产实行征用或征收，这便是“国有化”。革命党人推翻帝制的正义行动，应民意、符民心，所实施的“国有化”手段是合法的。故此，故宫始由中华民国政府所有。
　　1949年中华人民共和国宣告成立，中华人民共和国中央人民政府合法取代了中华民国政府的国际法主体地位之后，国家财产发生了“交替政府的继承”———故宫也不例外。和“中华民国政府”在海内外的众多财产一样，故宫的所有权归由中华人民共和国中央人民政府行使。
　　《中华人民共和国宪法》第2条规定：“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民”，这其中当然也包括对公共财产———故宫的占有、使用、处分和收益的权力。一直有一个隶属于国家文物局的“故宫博物院”管理着故宫吗？还建有一套庞大的行政事业管理系统？也许正是这个原因，故宫的管理者才会把故宫修缮工程当成自己单位内部的一件事情来处理，其封闭操作因而引发了一系列争议。“故宫博物院只是一个被委托的机构，对故宫作为国家级博物馆和人类文明载体的有关事宜负有具体责任，而不意味着它对故宫拥有所有权和一切处置权。”故宫博物院的法律地位，是受到中华人民共和国中央人民政府委托、负责管理国有（全民所有）财产的代理机构。
　　三、故宫大修方案应采取的决策程序
　　故宫大修绝对是“在太岁头上动土”的大规模工程，其修缮方案的出台，应该慎而又慎，并经过专家的充分论证。但是，对于整个大修计划，故宫院方和专家之间存在着严重的信息割裂现象。
　　一方面是，包括故宫内部的一些专家在内的专家们纷纷提出反对意见——其广泛程度超出了想象；另一方面是，故宫的管理者声称自己并不知道有反对意见。据报道，故宫博物院一位副院长在谈及这个问题时非常肯定地说，他没有听到任何反对意见，所有的一流专家都同意这个方案。“故宫开了三次专家论证会，没有人表示不同意。”他说，如果有人反对，“那他们肯定不是一流专家。”且不说故宫管理者是否召集了国内古建筑学界的权威学者，专家论证会是否真正做到了“知无不言、言无不尽”，论证的结果在最终的大修方案中有无切实体现，仅就决策程序一项，就已违反了宪法的原则和精神。 《中华人民共和国宪法》第2条还规定：“人民依照法律规定，通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务。”像故宫大修这样一件影响甚巨的公共社会事务，没有公民的直接参与，是无论如何也说不过去的。国家文物行政主管机关可以就故宫大修方案邀请各路专家、管理机构、普通公民参加听证，通过法律程序得出能够被普遍接受的最佳修缮方案。
[编辑本段]故宫悬疑　　天人合一紫禁城
　　故宫又称为紫禁城。紫禁城的“紫”是指紫微星垣。中国古代天文学家将天上的星宿分为三垣、二十八宿和其他星座。三垣指太微垣、紫微垣和天市垣。紫微垣是中垣，又称紫微宫、紫宫。在北斗星的东北方。“太平天子当中坐，清慎官员四海分”，古人认为那是天帝居住的地方。封建帝王以天帝之子自居，他办理朝政与日常居住的地方也就成了天下的中心。又因皇宫是等级森严的封建社会中最高级别的“禁区”，便有紫禁城的“禁”字来强调皇宫的无比尊严。太微垣南有三颗星被人视为三座门，即端门、左掖门、右掖门；与此相应，紫禁城前面设立端门、午门，东西两侧设立左、右掖门。午门和太和门之间，有金水河蜿蜒穿过，象征着天宫中的银河。皇帝及皇后居住的乾清宫与坤宁宫，“乾”、“坤”二字就意味着天地的意思。其东西两侧的日精门与月华门，则象征着日月争辉。东西六宫及其他诸宫殿也都分别象征着天上的十二星辰和各个星座。
　　故宫房间知多少
　　故宫的房间数有人说，故宫有9999间房；有人说，故宫的房间应该有9999间半，何有9999间半呢？
　　半间是指文渊阁楼下西头的那一小间。实际上故宫所谓的半间房是根本不存在的。文渊阁西头这间，面积颇小，仅有一作上下用的楼梯，但仍是一整间。文渊阁是藏《四库全书》的处所，为了取“天一生水，地六成之”，以水克火之意，文渊阁一反紫禁城房屋多以奇数为间的惯例，采用了不讲对称的偶数——6间。但又为了布局上的美观，西头一间建造得格外小，似乎是半间房。故宫房屋到底有多少呢？据实地测量有8704间。
　　冷宫何处
　　“冷宫”在哪里，要先谈“三宫六院”。故宫中路乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫称为“三宫”。六院分别指东路六宫：斋宫、景仁宫、承乾宫、钟粹宫、景阳宫及永和宫。封建帝王有着“至高无上”的权力，可以随心所欲地挑选妃子。皇帝的妻妾众多。至于选到宫中的女子，一旦失宠，便在宫中禁室里等死，更为悲惨。
　　故宫的“冷宫”并无定所，但历来有两种说法，一说即是乾清宫、长春宫；一说“冷宫”无固定地址，关禁王妃、皇子的地方，便俗称“冷宫”。查遍所见明、清史料，冷宫并不是某一处宫室的正式命名。根据一些文献记载，明、清时代被作为“冷宫”的地方有好几处。
　　明末天启皇帝时，成妃李氏得罪了权势赫赫的太监魏忠贤，被由长春宫赶到御花园西面的乾西，一住四年。先后被幽居乾西的，还有定妃、恪嫔等人。这个“冷宫”在紫禁城内之西。
　　光绪皇帝的珍妃被慈禧落井之前，据说关在景祺阁北边北三所(现坍毁)，这地方就在今天珍妃井西边的山门里。如果这一出自太监之口的传闻属实，则此地也算得一处“冷宫”。
　　门字之谜
　　故宫各门匾中“门”字末笔直下至底没有向上的勾脚，为什么故意写成这样呢？
　　原来“门”字的这种写法宋代就有了。据说宋偏都临安后，玉牒殿失火，殿门烧光。宰臣奏说，宫殿匾额中的“门”字，末笔都有勾脚，带火笔，因此招火，将这些匾额全部烧掉方能免灾。从此以后，凡宫殿的匾额，书写时“门”字末笔都直下，不勾脚。
　　有一个为写“门”字而丧生的故事，更能说明宫殿匾额“门”字无勾的原因：明太祖在南京命中书詹希原写太学集贤门匾，所写“门”字，末笔微微勾起，多疑的明太祖便大发雷霆说：我要招贤，你詹希原这厮要闭门，塞我贤路！遂下令斩之。
　　故宫设计者
　　故宫这样宏伟的建筑，如果浩大的工程，由谁负责设计？又是谁主持施工的？这的确是个历史谜团，难倒不少老北京人。因为故宫的建筑上没有如现代建筑那样明确地刻上此建筑物建于何年，由何人设计等字样。目前大多数人都认为故宫是明代一位杰出的匠师，姓蒯名祥，人称蒯鲁班的人设计的。
　　故宫博物院古建部高级工程师于倬云先生提出了不同意见：曾经参加建造南京宫殿的蒯祥是故宫的设计者这个说法不确切，其实，蒯祥只是故宫的施工主持人，故宫真正的设计人应该是名不见经传的蔡信。永乐15年紫禁城宫殿开始进入大规模施工高潮时，蒯祥才随朱棣从南京来到北京，开始主持宫殿的施工，而在此之前，蔡信已主持故宫和北京城的规划、设计和建造了。
　　三大殿院内为何不种树
　　有人撰文提出三大殿院内不种树，主要是出自烘托意境的需要。太和殿、中和殿、保殿并称外朝三大殿，是皇帝举行盛典的地方，从位置上说居整个外宫建筑的中心，也是整个北京城的中心。为了突出这组宫殿的威严气势，建筑上采取了许多手法，其一便是院内不植树，从皇城正门天安门起，经端门、午门、太和门，这之间的一系列庭院内都无树木(现在端门前后的树是辛亥革命以后种植的)。当时人们去朝见天子，进入天安门，经过漫长御道，在层层起伏变化的建筑空间中行进，会感到一种无形的，不断增长的精神压力，最后进入太和门，看到宽阔的广场与高耸在三重台基上的巍峨大殿，这种精神压力达到顶点。宽阔的广场、蓝蓝的天空，把三大殿映衬得更加威严壮观。而这正是至高无上的天子对自己臣民所要求的。如果在这些庭院内都种上树，绿荫宜人，小鸟鸣叫，那将会破坏朝廷的威严氛围。
　　故宫未开放区：
　　故宫总面积72万平方米，目前的非开放区将近40万平方米。故宫的未开放区实在是一片很广大的地区。非开放区概念将长期存在。
　　虽然武英殿、文华殿、建福宫花园等建筑在故宫博物院建院80周年的2005年的10月向世人揭开面纱，但是故宫仍有那么多区域没有开放，“这些区域之所以没有开放有三个原因：修缮、办公、库房。其中修缮是主要原因。”
[编辑本段]故宫出版物　　紫禁城出版社成立于1983年，现有出版物为《故宫博物院院刊》（双月刊）、《紫禁城》（双月刊）和以明清历史、故宫文物为中心的图书。多年以来，以故宫博物院藏品和学术研究成果为依托，紫禁城出版社已经形成了艺术和学术含量高的出版特色，在学术性、资料性、观赏性和趣味性各个方面均受到各界读者的好评。
　　目前开辟的几个栏目中，《故宫博物院院刊》栏目收入了从1958年第1期至今的全部内容，《紫禁城》栏目收入了从1980年第1期（总第1期）至今的全部内容，读者不仅可以从中查阅到名家新论，亦可追溯两个刊物的早期图文。《新书架》栏目介绍了本社新出部分重点图书；《品书撷英》栏目下率三个子栏目，《新书评介》介绍学术新著，《新论要辑》摘要学人新识，《旧闻新摘》提供宫廷典章轶事的一鳞半爪。
　　在《合作出版》的栏目里，主要是介绍故宫博物院作为著作权人同海内外出版单位合作出版的新著。
　　读者从此栏目可以看到故宫博物院自成立以来即重视出版，向社会各界提供学术资料的优良传统，在不久的将来，还可以从此处查找到故宫博物院出版物的全部书目。
[编辑本段]台湾故宫　　台湾故台湾故宫又称国立故宫博物院，原名中山博物院。

台湾故宫始建于1962年，是仿照北京故宫样式设计建筑的宫殿式建筑，1965年落成，台湾故宫博物院占地总面积约16公顷，1966年启用，原名中山博物院，后改为“国立故宫博物院”。 台北故宫博物院是中国著名的历史与文化艺术史博物馆。坐落在台湾省台北市士林区外双溪。建筑设计吸收了中国传统的宫殿建筑形式，淡蓝色的琉璃瓦屋顶覆盖着米黄色墙壁，洁白的白石栏杆环绕在青石基台之上，风格清丽典雅。 台湾故宫博物院藏品包括清代北京故宫、沈阳故宫和原热河行宫等处旧藏之精华，以及海内外各界人士捐赠的文物精品，共约70万件，分为书法、古画、碑帖、铜器、玉器、陶瓷、文房用具、雕漆、珐琅器、雕刻、杂项、刺绣及缂丝、图书、文献等14类。博物院经常维持有5000件左右的书画、文物展出，并定期或不定期地举办各种特展。馆内的展品每3个月更换1次。 位于台北市郊阳明山脚下双溪至善路2段221号所以又名：台北故宫。
[编辑本段]沈阳故宫　　沈阳故宫，位于沈阳市沈河区。史称盛京皇宫，始建于1625年，是后金和清初的皇宫，占地约6万平方米。
　　后金天命十年（1625年），后金汗努尔哈赤将都城迁移至明沈阳中卫城，同年开始在沈阳城中心部位偏东南角的位置修筑宫殿，即现存的大政殿和十王亭。这组建筑主要是作为理政和朝贺的场所，努尔哈赤居住的寝宫在原沈阳城的北门——安定门。
　　1626年，皇太极继承后金汗位。从1631年起，用5年的时间对盛京城和皇宫进行了改建。他在其原来王府的基础上修建了新的大内宫殿，将皇宫置于城池的中央。1636年，皇太极在此即位称帝，改国号为清。
　　清朝入关后，迁都北京，沈阳故宫失去了作为皇宫的地位，成为陪都行宫。康熙帝和乾隆帝东巡祭祖期间，曾在此居住。乾隆四十六年，即1780年，增建了西路建筑，包括戏台嘉荫堂和用于储藏四库全书的文溯阁，并在中路修建了东所、西所和盛京太庙。
　　1955年，成立沈阳故宫博物馆。1961年中华人民共和国国务院将沈阳故宫列为全国重点文物保护单位。1986年，沈阳故宫博物馆改名为沈阳故宫博物院。2004年，沈阳故宫作为北京故宫的扩展项目被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。
　　与北京故宫相比，沈阳故宫建筑风格具有独特的满、蒙、藏特色。东路大政殿、十王亭建筑群布局仿照八旗行军帐殿（大幄次）的布局。中路的特点则是“宫高殿低”，居住部分位于高台之上，俯瞰理政的正殿区域，这是来源于满族人喜居于台岗之上的生活习惯。西路以及中路的东西二宫则是完全的汉式建筑。
[编辑本段]南京故宫　　南京故宫，又称明故宫，是明朝初期的皇宫。由明太祖 朱元璋始建于元至正二十六年 (1366年)，地址在元集庆城外东北郊，初称“吴王新宫”，后又称“皇城”。由于当时朱元璋尚未称帝，故新宫建筑规模有限，只有中路的外朝和内廷建筑，新宫东西宽790米，南北长750米，有门四座，南为午门，东为东华门，西为 西华门，北为玄武门。入午门为奉天门，内为正殿奉天殿，殿前左右为文楼，武楼。奉天殿后为华盖殿，谨身殿。内廷有乾清宫和坤宁宫，以及东西六宫。
　　洪武元年(1368年)，朱元璋即位称帝，洪武八年(1375年)朱元璋集中力量修建南京。此次修建，增设了午门左右两阙，并增建文华殿，武英殿等建筑。洪武二十五年(1392年)，再次增建，在皇城外增设宫墙，以新墙之内为皇城，原皇城改称宫城。在宫城前建造了端门，承天门，金水桥，形成"T"字型广场，向南直抵1373年建造的洪武门。
　　建文四年(1402年)，燕王朱棣攻破京师，夺建文帝皇位，朱棣即位后仍居于南京皇宫中，但同时下令以北平为行在，准备迁都。永乐十八年(1420年)，北京宫殿建成，次年朱棣迁都北京，此后南京宫殿不再使用，但仍作为留都宫殿，委派皇族和内臣管理。崇祯十七年(1644年)，福王朱由崧在此即位，一度建立南明政权。此时的明故宫内大多殿宇已经坍毁无存，南京太庙也早已被焚毁，朱由崧进行了一些修复工作。
　　清灭南明后，改南京为江宁，将明皇城改为八旗驻防城，设置将军及都统二衙门于明故宫中。康熙年间，曾取明故宫石料雕件修建普陀山庙宇。太平天国攻陷南京后，在城中另择新址营建新宫，此间拆取明故宫大量石料和砖瓦。至太平天国灭亡时，明故宫的宫殿和宫墙已基本无存。
　　中华民国时期，曾计划以明故宫地区为中央行政区，但由于财力和战争的原因，该计划没有全部实现。1929年修建的中山东路从明故宫遗址中穿过，将其划为南北两部。至民国后期，明故宫已成为一处小型机场。
　　明故宫现存午门，东华门，西安门门阙，以及内外五龙桥，柱础，碑刻等建筑遗迹。